Sino Soviet Split

Communism in US was embraced as an ideology but in China it was seen as an alternative)bureaucracy, different levels of productive force, dominant role of peasantry,( in china, they had no clue, so the role of town workers and farmers in US and China) different perspective to imperialism ( when communism was instilled in SO, Stalin etc was interested in bringing about a strong US empire, so they felt that other countries should subordinate to theirs, because they feel they were the leader. US volcanically and militarily aided the countries to spread communism-China, believed strictly In sovereignty, no Interference In domestic policies.Mao received extremely Limited aid, he spread It Individually. Hence, China did not see why they should have to succumb to SUE leadership. He refused to conform. In the long march to the mountain, when he recruited and spread communism, the used the farmers, and the loyalty was instilled thru how communism could help their socio economic problem. China has plenty of cheap labor. So Mao Sedona took into account all this factors. -As a result of all the difference in ideology, dominant players, ways, what happen is that when Mao finally established communism in China, he felt independent, he did not feel obligated to SO.They did not respect US s the supreme leader of communism as opposed to Eastern European countries. Ideological – approach + practice difference ( policies headed of , 2 different directions – personality , challenges to USSR supreme leadership. Communist Crises 1) Sino soviet split 2) Chinese Economic Reforms (1978) -by 1980 china was already full on economic reform. Resulting in a major crises June 4th mass demonstration and Attainment Square massacre 1 ) agriculture and farming -leasing land to the farming, in return a fixed quota, incentive to increase farming. Decentralized party power. Province power increased to make decisions.Adoption of household responsibility system. 2) industry- as china be gan to reform, how are you going to measure economic efficiency? What measures were taken to modernize Industry 1) gradual approach 2) pilot project XSL Chuan, starting with the smaller SEE, they were given autonomy. More than 6000 See's were given power. All the state Industrial, manufacturing and production of Industrial products, they were also supposed to be financially independent. They were supposed to increase the among the farmers. But the SEE failed, because of corruption, lack of training of skilled people, lack of enterprising managers. 3) open door policy 4)

Impact and Benefits of Telecommunication Technology Essay

The emergence of what has been termed the â€Å"information age† is in large part characterized by the presence of real-time communications technologies. Telecommunications technologies are in operation continuously and in virtually all parts of the world. Telecommunications infrastructure is an important facilitator of economic growth and may be important to some level of social development in the world system. Technology does not create new ages, but the people who use the technology have the potential to forge new economic and social conditions (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). As this new information age emerges from the ashes of the industrial revolution in many areas of the world, new ways of production emerge. Previously non-existent factors are prominent in the new digital age. In general, technology has always been thought of as an important aspect of production and driver of economic growth, but telecommunications technology is sometimes overlooked as an initiator of development. This paper will explore the impact of telecommunications infrastructures and use of the videoconferencing development in Education, Healthcare and Business. Telecommunication Technologies in Organizations Organizations appear to be evolving toward new forms such as virtual organizations, spherical organizations, dynamic network organizations and network organizations (Hinterhuber and Levin, 1994). These forms may be a response to changing environmental conditions. An important characteristic of these forms organizations is distributed collaboration (i.e., work spread across personnel in many locations). The use of information technology in support of these forms is on the rise (Lucas and Baroudi, 1994). With the widespread usage of electronic communication facilities such as: facsimile, electronic mail, teleconferencing and videoconferencing, physical-meeting places are becoming less of a necessity (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). Additionally, telecommuting, or working from home using computer communications that started in the 1980s has gained momentum with improved support in recent years, and this has also limits the need for physical meeting places. In addition, federal laws (e.g. Clean Air Act of 1990) require businesses employing more than one hundred employees in one location to reduce their employees commute time (Venkatesh and Vitalari, 1992). Information and communication technologies are the tools to run all business activities. The introduction of new technologies is expected to have dynamic ramifications on the methods organizations do business (Remenyi, 2000). This close interaction between information technologies and business operations makes it very difficult to predict the full range of possible benefits impact of the technology implementation. Some aspects of real-time communication systems as computer-mediated communication and videoconferencing may produce tangible benefits that directly improve the performance of groups in the organizations (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). The direct benefits of real-time communication systems stem from: 1) Reduce work delays and incidents of rework due to fast response from information sources, increased information availability, or reduced ambiguity in existing information; 2) Improve quality of work due to timely and better decision making, clearer instructions, and reduced ambiguity in information; 3) Time savings for contractor and engineer due to decreased need for submission of formal requests for information (RFI’s); 4) Considerable savings in costs related to travel to attend meetings or to resolve issues. On the other hand, telecommunication technologies may produce several intangible improvements in the general work environment. Those benefits are more difficult to measure, however, they may have critical impact on project success (Remenyi, 2000). Teleconferencing Teleconferencing, defined as groups of people communicating electronically between locations separated by distance and/or time, is a technology that has become beneficial for education, healthcare and business. It can be an effective tool for conducting important decision-making or problem solving meetings that might not otherwise be held. It can reduce unproductive travel time, optimize attendance and access to scarce talent, and provide an excellent education and training medium. In other words, teleconferencing can significantly increase productivity and efficiency, can improve management communications at all levels, and can significantly enhance business opportunities when used appropriately (Johansen, 1984, p. 20). Teleconferencing is a broad term encompassing four basic types of communication: audioconferencing, conferencing, computer conferencing and videoconferencing. Each of these areas of concern can and has been integrated within a single teleconferencing system. Videoconferencing To many users, the term teleconferencing means only videoconferencing. Videoconferencing is one form of teleconferencing, and a form of teleconferencing that allows geographically separate conferees to see and hear each other. Videoconferencing can be divided into the following categories: still video, interactive motion video, and one-way broadcast video (Johansen, 1984, pp. 21-3). Videoconferencing images are transmitted over a variety of telecommunications networks including the telephone network, a compressed digital network of transmission capacity and analog networks using terrestrial or satellite systems. Videoconferencing systems can be categorized as: still video, T1 video, fiber optics, analog baseband and/or direct broadcast satellite systems (Wilcox, 2000, pp.7-9). Impact and Benefits of Videoconferencing Since videoconferencing can encompass all forms of teleconferencing, it was selected as the focus for this paper. Videoconferencing is important to the fields of education, business, healthcare because it can offer a cost effective way of imparting the message to consumers who might not otherwise have an opportunity to receive valuable information. Often, because of monetary constraints, educators complain that they are unable to offer courses to all students who want to take them. If the situation is one in which there are only a few subject matter experts, but a large number of willing students, time often inhibits the educator’s ability to reach all interested students (Wilcox, 2000). On the other hand, in many states due to geographic size, all students cannot be reached. Many must travel great distances to obtain an education on a campus environment or forgo the education. There are also situations where, due to accidents or ill health, students are unable to attend classes. Videoconferencing can present a cost effective means to reach a large, possibly remote, audience and impart a simultaneous message (Johansen, 1984). In business, videoconferencing has been used to increase productivity and efficiency, improve management communications, and make better use of scarce talent. Education can be viewed as business-students provide revenue-institutions are competitively seeking to increase revenue by expanding enrollments. Like business, institutions of higher learning need to find innovative ways to increase enrollment, limit administrative costs and improve the quality of their product –education (Wilcox, 2000). Videoconferencing was originally promoted as an alternative to traditional face-to-face meetings, and as a means for an organization to save money in travel expenses for employees, however the benefits have gone far beyond travel savings. Videoconferencing changes the way organizations communicate. More efficient meetings can be conducted, since access to people and information is easier, and information can be communicated to as many people as need to hear the message. The potential for higher quality decision-making is greater because the opportunity exists for greater access to needed decision-makers. Videoconferencing improves and expedites the flow of information so that an organization can respond quickly to business opportunities and customer problems. Meetings tend to be more focused, reducing extraneous talk. The time intervals that occur between information processing, decision-making and implementing action is greatly reduced, which can improve an organization’s competitive action in the market (Combs, 1990). Problem definition is easier when videoconferencing is implemented, as projects can be monitored from beginning to end. Videoconferencing enables organizations to maximize use of subject matter experts, whose talents may be required by many departments of an organization. Videoconferencing is currently being utilized by a number of institutions in Education, Healthcare and Business. The examples cited below utilize a variety of organizations and applications for videoconferencing. Education, Healthcare and Business Organizations Using Videoconferencing In 1977, the Central Maine Interactive Telecommunications System (CMITS) was started to facilitate exchange of educational information among seven health care institutions. CMITS provides motion videoconferencing with educational programming for health professionals. An emphasis was placed on planning education programs, rather than producing shows. The CMITS experience led to the establishment of the Aroostook County Telecommunications System (ACTS). The interconnection between CMITS and ACTS allows members to share educational programs within the state. The systems are also members of the Association of Hospital Television Networks, a national consortium of 30 regional television networks providing educational services to staff and patients at over 900 hospitals nationwide (Niemiec, 1980). In 1969, Dartmouth Medical School set up INTERACT, a two-way video link between two hospitals for communication between health care professionals. The system was later expanded to provide continuing education, assistance to rural physicians, and engineering courses. The system is currently being marketed to a larger user base, including businesses in surrounding communities. The network director, Bill Loftus advises other groups who might be using videoconferencing that content is the key. Expansion of network uses is the next step. The system provides another example of the adoption and usage of videoconferencing. It also demonstrates how organizations can work together to mutually benefit from the adoption and usage of videoconferencing technology (Gold, 1985, pp. 79-84). The ability of videoconferencing technology to bring together urban and rural parts of the state of Minnesota in an interactive two-way environment was key to the high rating and acceptability of videoconferencing in a pilot project at the University of Minnesota. The general reaction of participants from both the Twin Cities and Morris locations was one of enthusiasm for the potential of the technology to bring groups together over distance for matters and issues of common concern (Peltz and Kolomeychuk, 1992, p. 98). There are a number of organizations which have adopted videoconferencing and have studied the need for the technology and its usage once installed. The following businesses are examples of firms that have conducted studies either prior to or after implementation to assess the need for and effectiveness of videoconferencing. The Boeing Company, headquartered in Seattle, Washington, began using videoconferencing in 1979 in order to meet a compressed release schedule on the introduction of the 757 aircraft. A system that began as a novel solution to a specific problem has evolved into a highly productive method of doing business. In five years, over 5,900 Boeing videoconferences have been attended by more than 160,000 employees, avoiding 1.6 million travel miles in the Puget Sound area alone (Whaley, 1986, pp. 113-120). Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) began using videoconferencing in the early 1980s to allow employees to effectively communicate with one another, even though physically separated. ARCO did not know who the active users would be or what applications would be developed, and therefore, decided to conduct ongoing research regarding the adoption and usage of videoconferencing. Research was conducted by interviewing potential users before, during and after implementation and usage of videoconferencing. The â€Å"success† of videoconferencing has in large part been achieved by generating a comprehensive data base of potential users. The research program resulted in a system uniquely tailored to ARCO’s needs, and therefore, employees feel a sense of ownership and involvement in system design and evolution (Ruchinskas and Svenning, 1984, pp. 166 -173). Pratt and Whitney began using Eagle Vision II, a motion videoconferencing system, in March, 1986. The final system design reflects a combination of operational requirements established through internal research into meeting characteristics and travel patterns. Pratt and Whitney believes it was only successful because considerable time and effort were spent in understanding the requirements, applications and needs of its users before a system was developed and implemented (Truesdale, 1985, pp. 128 -139). Martin Marietta, a technology intensive corporation engaged in design, manufacture, and integration of systems and products in the aerospace, defense, electronics, and information and data management fields, tested and evaluated audiographics conferencing, still frame videoconferencing and motion videoconferencing to determine if teleconferencing was feasible to support company communications. Martin Marietta also wanted to determine what types of meetings and what level of participants would use teleconferencing. During a 90 day pilot program of motion videoconferencing, Martin Marietta conducted close to 100 conferences with approximately 75% using the standard conference room to conference room configuration. As a result of the pilot program, Martin Marietta decided to implement a motion videoconferencing system with several sites in order to improve overall corporate communications (McKinny, 1986, pp. 367 – 371). Patrick Combs of Levi Strauss states that â€Å"for videoconferencing to be successful, it must achieve widespread adoption and effective use. By allowing users to try out videoconferencing in a relaxed environment, without expectations, the videophone made the conferencing concept less intimidating, and encouraged adoption† (Combs, 1990, pp. 100). Levi Strauss trialed the use of â€Å"videophones† (inexpensive, desktop videoconferencing units that use normal dial-up phone lines and personal computers) to determine how readily users would utilize the technology if it were easy to use. The conclusion was that â€Å"videoconferencing’s successful adoption within an organization is dependent on more than just the hardware. Successful adoption also depends on how accessible the technology is to its users† (Combs, 1990, pp. 100-103). Conclusion Because a communications network assists in the interaction of individuals it can be essential to knowledge creation. These networks will facilitate an economic and social development; they are to the information age what railroads were to the industrial age. Telecommunications like videoconferencing, therefore, to play a large part in how these networks evolve, and thus will impact the creation of knowledge in the future. In the past, telecommunications policy has been primarily focused on physical infrastructure. In the information age, it has become apparent that managers and policy-makers must enlarge their focus to emphasize the information side of telecommunications. It is not the creation of the infrastructure itself that will be the major source of profitability, but rather the exploitation of the infrastructure to create knowledge.

Management & Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management & Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example â€Å"Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.†-Henry Ford This adage is especially relevant for prevailing times where the significance of collective efforts and notions like decision making by mutual consensus, strategy formulation after consideration of all possible ideas, encouragement of a free-flowing structure are practices not only being enthusiastically embraced by organizations, but also being implemented and promoted. With the advent of new concepts, organizations are recognizing that a mechanistic structure has been rendered obsolete by the dynamics of the global world and by the variability in nature, preferences and demands with time. They now realize that the most favorable organization structure to boost their productivity is an organistic structure which is defined by few regulations, and inspires working of employees as teams, their coordination with each other as well as the unbounded exchange of knowledge and thoughts between employees and the management. Generally, two forms of groups operate within an organization; members of a formal groups work together to reflect the goals of the organization, on the contrary, informal groups involve pursuit of social and other common interests of the members which are not directly linked with the task assignments of the organization. (Robbins and Coulter, 2003) A formal group development is a comprehensive phenomenon; the activities of the groups are influenced by the fluctuation in aspects as well as the change in entities of the external and internal environment. It comprises of stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

The word of peace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The word of peace - Essay Example Begin your life pattern by doing things you feel motivated toward, even though they are not important to you at first. In today’s hectic lifestyle, there is no peace of mind and that’s the reason why people though monetarily strong have no peace of mind. What is the main reason behind this? Well, there are two main reasons: unnecessary possessions and unnecessary burdens. And because of these two fundamental reasons, there is no contentment – everyone needs more that what actually is needed. This can be seen in our society, nations and across the world. With time, the negative energy in the universe is increasing and as a result, there is more aggression despite millennia of religion, culture and civilization. Peace among people and nations remains elusive, but for the welfare of our society and for the future of humanity, peace is important and really deserves a chance. Being a social animal, peace is very crucial for us. It teaches us how to get rid of the endless chatter of mind, problems, anxiety, and stress that make us uncomfortable and severely affect our thoughts. Learn the art of living in a state of inner peace and happiness. If you seek peace sincerely, you can definitely find it. However, you need some deep thoughts to bring you to

A Historical Analysis of Ibne Sinas Life and Contributions to Modern Essay

A Historical Analysis of Ibne Sinas Life and Contributions to Modern Science - Essay Example As a physical, Avicenna is well-known for his book the Canon (al-Qanun fi’l-Tibb). This book had played a crucial role in pre-modern medical education in both Europe and in Medieval Islamic Empire. Also Avicenna’s philosophical book â€Å"summa the Cure† (al-Shifa’) was also influential in European scholasticism. It is believed that â€Å"Summa the Cure† once heavily influenced the famous western philosopher Thomas Aquinas. As a philosopher, Avicenna’s success lies in the fact that he had been able to find out an interrelation between one’s belief in God and man’s existential being. So, Avicenna can be assumed to be the foremost Islamic philosophic thinker. The theoretical space that he provides for God as the Essential Being necessarily builds up the groundwork for his â€Å"theories of the soul, intellect and cosmos† (Goodman 43). Indeed, he successfully articulated that God is necessarily the foundation or origin of al l the tangible and intangible existence of this universe. Avicenna, the famous Muslim philosopher and physician, was born in a village named Qishlak Afshona in Uzbekistan (which was then called Bukhara) in 980 AD. His mother Setareh was a traditional housewife fro Bukhara and his father, Abdullah was a well-honored Islamic scholar who came to Bukhara from Balkh which was a famous city of the Samanid Empire.

How does preeclampsia develop and does it confer future cardiovascular Essay

How does preeclampsia develop and does it confer future cardiovascular risk - Essay Example The aim of the review is to arrive at the developmental causes of preeclampsia. Similarly, a large number of studies have reported linkages between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular disease. The evidence is suggestive, and a vast number of data produced is available on the subject. The present sysetmatic survey therefore focuses on an analysis of the literature with the objective of finding out conclusive evidence to establish that preeclampsia may pre-dispose to cardiovascular risk in the long term. The systematic review involved gathering of available data through an extensive search and reading, critically evaluating all the research in terms of its methodology and scope and also exploring and recommending future studies that could be more effective towards addressing the research questions. It was found that a number of factors, like obesity, hypertension, abnormal insulin resistance, inflammation, cardio-vascular risk factors (as measured by serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure), increased Homocysteine, presence of periodontal disease among others, were observed in preeclamptic pregnancy. However, the systematic review could not establish if these factors had a causative relationship to preeclampsia or if these factors were the manifestation of some other factors that also cause preeclampsia. The review also evaluated available evidence on cardiovascular risks and preeclampsia history. It was found that cardiovascular risk indeed has a larger than normal odds of having a history of preeclamptic episode. Again, it was not proved if preeclampsia pre-disposes to increased cardiovascular risk, or if preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease have the same pathogenesis. Preeclampsia, Cardiovascular Disease,

Bullying in the Workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bullying in the Workplace - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that organizational justice laws clearly indicate the space that an employer should give an employee and highly discourage any act that may be considered as bullying. Any act that is aimed at hurting the employee directly or indirectly and hence lead to reduced work should be reported and appropriate steps taken against the employer. In our case Kara should have reported that to the appropriate discipline for it to stop. This study highlights that wWhere workplace bullying can be taken as just a norm or a light act that will have no deep effects on the employee, at extreme cases one can experience the following;- high blood pressure, heart attack, overwhelming anxiety and panic attack, constant loss of memory and concentration, tension and constant headaches, mood swings and loss of appetite. This can highly reduce your motivation at the workplace and it is at such times that one can decide to take a retaliatory step to end it all. This can be in different forms where one can decide to quit the job and work where you will be okay working. Other people may decide to handle it in a different way where they can report the employer for the indecent approaches and intimidation.  The first factor that leads to workplace bullying is job insecurity. Team Field claims that a weak manager who is afraid of the employees will always try to impact actions that intimidate the employees. This can be curbed by cre ating good cohesion in the workplace and reducing the tension. This will stop the efforts of suppression by the boss. Female employees are 70% more often bullied than their male experts. This is mainly because of their soft nature. They should address the situation early as it could even lead to sexual harassment as it has been witnessed in some situations.  

Outlined based on the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Outlined based on the questions - Essay Example Experience Design According to Norman (2004) human beings develops psychological attraction to different things depending on the way they interact with them in everyday life. Different items play different roles and influence the way their owners perceive them. Norman further argues that those who possess such items are envious of them and respect for the purpose they serve. Therefore, the ways in which different things are useful influence the individuals’ emotional attraction to those items. Such items should be designed in such a way that they will be able to serve their intended purpose. Norman further suggest that greater efficiency of different items to serve the purpose they were meant to serve will attract greater affection from those who posses them. Some items also reveal social and economic status of individuals. These items becomes valuable to such individuals by the virtue of personal memories they generate to people who posses them (Norman, 2004). These items may be kept for remembrance of previous occurrences though they may serve any other purpose in the human life. They may appear useless to other people, but they are very essential to those who possess them. Therefore, such people feel intensely attached to those items which invoke their feelings about some past encounters. According to Norman (2004), the functionality of objects according to human outlook influences their psychological affection towards those objects. Norman argues that individual insight determines how they interact with different things. For example, a person expects a machine to function in a certain way and incase it fails to do so, this may result to emotional detachment. It is for this reason that Norman states those machines such as computers and others which people interact with on a day to day life should be designed with emotions to echo the human feelings. However, since these machines are used for specific purposes only, they will have a limit on extent to which they can forge human feelings. They will only influence human emotions to the extent in which they anticipated to perform a certain job. In essence, the author is implying that human feelings should be reflected in the kind of items they possess and in the way they handle and display those possessions (Norman, 2004). These activities will manifest human emotional attraction to those items they own. Similarly, the efficiency of performance of the things we use will influence the psychological attraction of the user towards them. When objects are functioning effectively, they appeal to their users who then develop close intimacy with those items. However, if those items fail to perform as expected, they will cause annoyance to the user who loses emotional feelings for them and may even smash them. The Philosopher's Tool Kit When people listen to the others talking or other sources of sounds, they definitely hear what they would like to hear. Though there are many sounds emanatin g from various sources at the same time, individuals become so discerning with what they want to listen to and will filter out things of less concern to them. The sense of hearing becomes an instrument which enables individuals to figure themselves in the public domain. Through hearing, individuals appreciate the beauty of different things and are able to like or dislike various things from

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working Essay

Housing reform. Providing and regulating housing for the working classes - Essay Example However the response of the state was neither as swift nor as rapid as it could have been. Most developments in housing reform came through after the first half of the nineteenth century. These developments were largely initiated as a result of people’s growing unrest over the issues of housing. Housing reform’s initiation can be traced back to growing public dissent over poor living conditions. Working class people were forced to live in closed and cramped quarters. Most working class labourers preferred to live close to their work place. This meant that people were forced to rent out small living spaces and overcrowding was a rampant problem. New housing areas were developed but the lack of unplanned efforts made urban sprawl worse than before. Sanitation was scant and the outbreak of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid was common. Death rates were high particularly in children. One estimate puts the chance of children under one year of age dying as one in six. Things began to change as people started to converge under the efforts of early pioneers such as Octavia Hill and Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick’s work titled Report on an Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and on the Means of its Improvement (1842) sought to initiate reform especially in building ventilation as well as open spaces surrounding buildings. Another major aspect of his report is that the health of working classes could be improved by street cleaning, ventilation, sewage, water supplies and drainage. (CDC, 2011) This development was aided by the formation of The Society for Improving the Dwellings of the Labouring Classes in 1845. This society demanded that low rent dwellings should be created to facilitate the labouring classes. (Info Please, 2011) All of these developments clearly signify the fact that until the first half of the nineteenth century there were no signs of state intervention to improve housing conditio ns. These developments also indicate that the move to improve housing conditions was accepted and supported by the general masses. This pressure led the government to initiate a series of reforms that lasted well into the twentieth century. The gradual development of public resentment forced the Parliament to pass the Shaftesbury Act (The Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act) in 1851. This act espoused the construction of new lodging houses as per some minimum standards. These standards delineated the use of certain features such as ventilation, sanitation etc. in all buildings constructed after the passage of this act. (Info Please, 2011) Another act was passed known as the Common Lodging Houses Act of 1851 which mandated the registration of keepers of common lodging houses. This Act gave wide powers to local authorities to inspect common houses. Moreover local authorities were allowed to create regulations related to common lodging houses. (Education Resources, 2011) The next dire ction assumed by the government to improve housing conditions was to create model housing neighbourhoods. Simultaneously the efforts of Octavia Hill helped to create housing areas where housing management was carried out professionally. Rent collection, housing welfare, repairs and rent accounting were done by individuals especially designated for such tasks. This development came through in 1865-66 in Marylebone. (CIH, 2011) It can be deduced that at

Deontologism vs. Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deontologism vs. Utilitarianism - Essay Example It advocates for fair consideration of other people’s interests while undertaking an action. Simply put, utilitarianism states that â€Å"we ought to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people† or in another form, â€Å"inflict less harm on the least number of people† (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p. 65). A utilitarian would therefore contemplate the possible impacts of his or her action to other members of the society. Based on the doctrine, an act that threatens other people’s stakes is therefore avoided while a beneficial act is promoted. Singer, based on his four principles, argues that â€Å"pain is bad,† consideration into harmful acts should not be discriminatory and should be based on consequences of contemplated actions (Rachels and Rachels, 2007, p. 281). Utilitarianism can be understood from two perspectives, â€Å"act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism† (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p. 65). Act utilitarianism is based on each action by a person, which ought to always be consistent with the ethical principle of maximum good. It is defined by the view that good actions leads to good rather than harmful results. Act utilitarianism therefore judges actions from the specific consequences of a particular act, or intentions into such consequences rather an existing moral value (Kanniyakonil, 2007). ... The two approaches therefore differ with respect to time of determination of what is good and what is evil. While action utilitarianism determines morality upon an action or upon contemplation of an act, rule utilitarianism pre determines morality upon conception of an ethical value in a society (Kanniyakonil, 2007). Utilitarianism is further understood from four philosophical perspectives, â€Å"‘welfarism’, ‘consequentialism’, aggregative, and maximizing† (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p. 66). According to welfarism, utilitarianism is fundamentally determined by the resultant good from an initiative. Cosequensialism on the other hand focuses on the impacts of an act as opposed to its nature. Consequential theory therefore evaluates and determines an action with respect to available alternatives to the action and approves the most beneficial alternative. Aggregative and maximizing concepts of utilitarianism are on the other hand based on the view that even the most beneficial alternative is associated with possible reservations into unhappiness (Kanniyakonil, 2007). Associated problems Utilitarianism, regardless of its assumed appeal to maximum good from actions, has a number of associated problems. One of the problems faced under utilitarianism, and with respect to determination of the best alternative for maximum good is its reliance on probability. This means that there is no accurate measure of possible good to justify utilitarian approach to determining ethics (Kanniyakonil, 2007). Rachels and Rachels also identify a number of problems that seems to undermine the basic principles and assumptions of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is for instance associated with injustice. This based on the difference in scope between morality and law. In

Skeletal Disease Essay Example for Free

Skeletal Disease Essay I know that skeletal disease pertain to the bones in the body. These can be deadly and limit the ability to move around and have a good, solid range of motion. I know that skeletal diseases are treated by orthopedics diagnose and treat disorders with bones and orthopedic surgeons operate on the bones. I would like to know what the range of treatments are based upon the diseases. I also would like to know the statistics on skeletal disease and how common it is within America and other countries, such as which has the highest amount of bone cancer and which has the lowest? These questions fascinate me, especially the ones pertaining to cancer. I would like to know about more skeletal diseases in general. My skeletal disease that I chose is bone cancer otherwise known as sarcomas. I chose this one because cancer has always fascinated me. The one thing that kills a lot of individuals across the world not just USA and the bigger countries but no country is exempt. Cancer does not care who it takes, their age, gender, sexual preference, nothing matters to cancer. I want to study cancer in hopes of maybe finding a common pattern that can one day be overcome and then cancer can be eliminated for good. My search started where almost all research papers start, on Google. I searched bone cancer and picked the medical website on cancer. This website gave me good information on the different types of bone cancers and how to determine the difference between bone cancer, bone marrow cancer, and cancers that migrate to the bones. My other website (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21166/full.) gave me statistics on the amount of new cases and deaths in United States of America with new cases and new deaths. I learned, from the first site, that there are many different actual bone cancers like Osteosarcomas, Chondrosarcomas, Ewing tumor, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH), Fibrosarcoma, Giant cell tumor of bone, Chordoma. These all have different causes and effects but one thing they all have in common is that they all originate in the bones, not in bone marrow or other organs and metastasizes to the bones. Cancer cells that start in other organs and move to the bone still have same structure as where they began.

Different types of peripheral devices for computers

Different types of peripheral devices for computers Define and describe different types of peripheral devices from all the components with examples. The examples should not include only one type of components only. 1.1 Desktop personal computers 1.1.1 Printer In the computer, printers is a computer peripheral device that produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics on paper) from data stored in a computer connected to it printers is used to print anything that user want, like pictures, documents or data. A lot of printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable, in largely new printers, a USB cable to computer which serves as a file source. A quantity of printers, normally known as network printers, can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network and have built-in network interfaces (characteristically Ethernet and/or wireless). Person printers are often designed to support both network and local connected users at same time. Besides, the minority modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as flash drive or flash memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; a quantity of printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopiers. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called All-In-One (AIO) printers, Multi-Function Devices (MFD), or Multifunction printers (MFP). Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying in the middle of their features. 1.1.1.1 The 4 printer qualities of mainly interest to most users are: 1. Resolution Resolutions are generally measured in DPI (dots per inch). Most economical printers provide enough resolution for most purposes at 300 600 dpi. 2. Color Most color printer use 2 ink cartridges (1 black ink and 1 color ink) that after a certain number of pages, then need to replace. The color printer is more expensive to operate. 3. Memory Printer memory (RAM) is built in to the printer and come with a small amount of memory (e.g. 1024kilobyte) that the user can be expanded. 4. Speed Economical printers print speed only about maximum 6 sheets per second. Color printer printing is slower; more expensive printer is much faster. Table 1.1: printer qualities 1.1.1.2Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages  · Users can see everything on hard copy whatever users see incomputer monitor.  · The running costs are low and the purchase cost is low.  · Printing is slower; therefore inkjets are not designed for high volume printing.  · If the printer runs out of ink users will have to pay to refill or buy it. Table 1.2: printer advantage and disadvantage 1.1.2 Monitor In computers, monitor is a device similar to a television screen (below 24 inch) that receives video signals from the computer and displays the information for users. The types of monitor have: Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The CRT monitor is the oldest form of display for computer systems.The feature of CRT monitor that pixels are illuminated by an electron beam that passes back and forth across the screen very quickly. The LCD monitor that uses LCDtechnologies quite than the oldCRT technologies used by nearly all desktop computer monitors. The feature of LCD that liquid crystal is sandwiched between two transparent layers to form image. When electric current passes through the liquid crystal solution, the crystals move around, either letting the light shine through or blocking the fluorescent light. 1.1.2.1 The 3 monitor qualities Screen size The diagonal measurement of the screen surface in inches (18.5, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24) Resolution The sharpness of the image or graphic determined by the number of horizontal and pixels (vertical dots) that the screen can display (800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1600 x 1200). Refresh rate The speed at which the screen is redrawn (refreshed) and measured in Hertz (60, 75Hz) Table 1.3: printer qualities 1.2 Mobile computes 1.2.1 Memory card In computers, the memory card that sometime called flash memory card and storage card. The memory card is a small storage capacity medium to uses to store data such as text, image, music and video, for uses on small, portable or remote computing devices and the memory card can be erased and rewritten with new data. Besides, although other technologies are being developed, most of the current product uses flash memory. There are type of memory card on the market, including the Secure DigitalCard (SD Card), Multi Media Card (MMC), Smart Media Card, Compact FlashCard (CF Card) and Memory stick. Any types of memory card have a differing size and the memory card storage capacity has from 128 MB up to 32GB. 1.2.2 Flash drive In computers, the flash drive (sometime called jump or pen drive) is a small and portable UniversalSerialBus (USB) drive that can be used to rapidly transfer audio, video, image and data files from thehard driveof onecomputerto another. The flash drive storage capacity has from 128 MB up to 64 GB.The flash drive is very easy to use, most recent flash drive is plug_and_play, is not need using anything CD or download any software to install the driver. 1.3 Mobile phone 1.3.1 Headset In computers, the headset is a pair of headphones with a microphone attached. While headphones can only be used as a listening device, the headset can be used as a listening and a recording device through recording through its microphone. As far as listening is concerned, headsets can have all the same functionalities and features as mobile phone, since they are mobile phone, only with the adding of microphone. As far as recording is concerned, headsets usually have a microphone boom attached to one of the speaker ear cups. This boom is designed to be extended to the front of a user is mouth for the user to speak into it, generally at about an inchs distance. This is usually how recording is done with standard headsets. Nevertheless, most new technology is arising in which headsets no longer need microphone booms to record sound. These headsets are called boom less headsets. Nonetheless, the vast majority of headsets use microphone booms. Question 2 Storage is where you save or keep data, instructions, and information for future use. Home users use storage to save data documents, music, etc. Office or business users use storage to keep, their transaction and other office related records. Discuss the various types of storing devices which are available. 2.1 Home users 2.1.1 Flash drive This small device has enough storage capacity to easily manage and transfer large digital files. The flash drive several kinds of storage capacity have 256 MB up to 64GB. Therefore home users need the storage capacity of how much is enough? A 4 GB flash drive is usually enough for sharing some audio files, video and picture. These drive with the storage capacity of 1 or 2 GB will help you store a fair number of audio and video files whereas a 4 GB will let you store too many files. Most of these drives are compatible with all the versions of Windows, the 8.6 and above version of Mac OS and 2.4 and above of Max Kernel without the need of a driver but a few of these need drivers. 2.1.2 Memory card There are type of memory card on the market, including the Secure DigitalCard (SD Card), Multi Media Card (MMC), Smart Media Card, Compact FlashCard (CF Card) and Memory stick. Any types of memory card have a differing size and the memory card storage capacity has from 128 MB up to 32GB. Therefore, home users need the storage capacity of how is enough? A 4 GB memory card is usually enough for storing and sharing some video files, music and picture. As most memory card is use by phone and camera, phone and camera files is not very large, so 4GB storage capacity is enough for home user. When you purchase it, consider the space you will require for sharing files. Use Internet to search different pen drives and compare the prices at various online stores. You should check out the reviews of different drives on various websites which will give you a fair idea of whats good and whats not. 2.1.3 CD-R The CD-R full name is Compact Disc-Recordable. The CD-R is optical storage that store data as tiny pits burned into a disk by laser. The CD-R disks that can be read and written to, but the CD-R disks can only be written for â€Å"once† and drives that are capable of reading and writing data are needed. In side CD-R disks storage capacity is very small, normally each disks only have 700MB storage capacity. Most of use by storing music, picture or movie. 2.1.4 CD-RW The CD-RW full name is Compact Disc-ReWritable. The CD-RW same like CD-R also is optical storage. The different between CD-RW and CD-R is CD-RW is erasable, CD-RW can be written too many times and drives that are capable of reading, writing and erasing data are needed. The CD-RW storage capacity is same with CD-R, most of 700 MB capacity only. 2.1.5 DVD+R/DVD-R DVD+R or DVD-R full name is Digital Video Disk Recordable. They are same, but incompatible with. The disk that is a format for optical data storage. They use technology similar to CD-R. They are capable of storing up to 17 GB of data. Normally 4.7GB storage capacity is enough for home users to storing and sharing some movie video files. Besides, their data transfer rate is comparable to that of hard disk drives and they are compatible with CD-ROM disks. 2.2 Office or business users 2.2.1 External hard disk drive Hard disk drives that storage capacity is up to 1.5 terabytes (TB), is a very big storage capacity storage devices. The Office or business users need to use large storage capacity to keep, their transaction and other office related records. So that External hard disk can provide enough storage capacity for office or business users. Besides, the hard disk drive access time is the fastest among all permanent storage devices. Furthermore the hard disk drive data transfer rate (MB per second) is much faster than other storage devices and spindle speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). 2.2.2 Flash drive This small device has enough storage capacity to easily manage and transfer large digital files. The flash drives that storage capacity is up to 64GB. Therefore, a 64 GB flash drives is usually enough for office or business users use storage to keep, their transaction and other office related records. Besides, Most of flash drives are compatible with all the versions of Windows. Some of flash drives come with the option of password protection so users can have an additional advantage of protecting some of the files that users think need security. Flash drives are more likely to get viruses when these are exposed to the computers that might not be protected. Flash drives are dozens of anti virus software that detect viruses. Users must scan their flash drive every time users are using it. 2.2.3 DVD-R/DVD+R DVD+R or DVD-R full name is Digital Video Disk Recordable. They are same, but incompatible with and the older DVD-R standard. The disk that is a format for optical data storage. The DVD-/+R formal similar CD-R and they are compatible with CD-ROM disks. Besides, their data transfer rate is comparable to that of hard disk drives and they are capable of storing up to 17 GB of data. Therefore, they can support to office or business users use storage to keep, their transaction and other office related records. 2.2.4 DVD+RW The DVD+RW disks short for DVD+ReWritable. The DVD+RW formal similar CD+RW and same are an optical storage. Most of feature same with DVD-/+R, the different is DVD+RW disks allow users to read, write and erase DVDs many time. 2.2.5 Zip disk drive The Zip drive is a magnetic disk. Magnetic disk is a machine thatreadsdatafrom andwritesdata onto adisk. A disk drive rotates the disk very fast and has one or more heads that read and write data. The Zip drive is an earlier 3.5 removable disk drive from Iomega. Zip disks came in 100MB, 250MB and 750MB varieties, with the latter introduced in 2002 using USB and FireWire interfaces. The 250MB drives introduced in 1998, also can read and wrote 100MB disks. The 750MB drives read all, but cannot wrote 100MB disks. The 7050MB drives is only can wrote 250MB and 750MB disks Although the Zip drive storage capacity is very small, the Zip drive is cheaper than other type of storage devices. Nowadays, most of Bank Company still uses the Zip drive to storing, sharing and transfer pure text or document files. Conclusion As conclusion, Computer is important in the modern world reason been is that it helps to simplifies life. If it was not for computer there would still be a lot of hidden information, people would not get to communicate so easy, fast and efficiently, however it is not like that because of computer we now get privilege of all these things. When I finished my assignment, I would like sad I learned a lot from this assignment about types of peripheral devices from the entire component and the various types of storing devices which are available. Besides, I really thank you to Olympia College Johor Bahru, because they give me a chance to study at their college. I also want to thanks my Introduction to Information Technology lecturer: Ms Zali, because she is teaching and guiding me to do the assignment, when I confuse to how to do this assignment. Thanks a lot for her. I am learning more of thing about computer and Information Technology. I will hard working and get a good results.

Impact of Cellphones on Education

Impact of Cellphones on Education Should students be allowed to have cellphones in school? Body Paragraph one: Introductory Paragraph: Thesis:   Cell phones can be a great resource in our daily lives, but they should be restricted from use in a learning environment, reminding us that education is first priority. Topic Sentence:   Cheating in school is becoming more common where students are using their phones to take pictures of the exams, store information on their phones, text other students and many other deceitful ways. Support: Students in high school are most likely cheating because they are earning bad grades and they take advantage of their phones to do so. Evidence 1:   On February, 18, 2014, â€Å"More than 200 students were expelled after being caught cheating in the Grade 12 board exam in the past three days.Nearly a dozen parents who helped them use unfair means were also arrested†, an official said on Tuesday. (The Press Trust of India) Elaboration 1:   This real life event shows us how extreme the consequences can get over a cellphone. Not only did the students get expelled, but a dozen of their parents were also arrested. Teachers are trying to figure out a way to terminate cheating, but instead, they need to eliminate the source, being cell phones. Support:   Majority of students in the school have cell phones and more than half of have used a cell phone to cheat Evidence 2: According to a study from the Josephson Institute of Ethics. Among current high school students, 75 percent admit to cheating on tests, homework, and other assignments. Fifty percent have cheated on exams during the past year, and 34 percent have cheated on more than one test. (The Child Study Center) Elaboration 2: It is just unbelievable how many students cheat, it might give them the marks they wanted but what’s the point when you are feeling the guilt 24/7. Students are given cellphones by their parents and surely the reason is not so they can use it to cheat. Support: Cheating is like a drug, the more you do it and get away with it the more you want to do it. Evidence 3: â€Å"It’s tempting to cheat† said Kids Health (Kids Health). Believe it or not but some students actually think that cheating is perfectly ok, but once someone starts to cheat and feel comfortable doing so it can easily become a bad habit. Cheating is not a habit you want to carry on into college/university, if you are caught cheating there you will be expelled on the spot. Elaboration 3: In the long run when you end up in college or university, you need to realize that the staff there doesn’t tolerate these foolish acts. If someone is caught cheating in university or college it will result in expulsion making it highly unlikely to get into another university/college, possibly ruining your future. Concluding Sentence: Cheating can become a very bad habit, but by removing cellphones students won’t have the ability to cheat as they use cellphones to do so. Cheating’s dangerous and can potentially ruin ones future and by removing cellphones we are saving their future. Transition: Distractions in classes are yet another negative aspect on cellphones that can negatively affect a student’s grade. Body Paragraph Two: Topic Sentence (Claim 2): Students are supposed to be coming to school for education but when they are allowed to have cellphones with them it creates an unwanted distraction as they are tempted to play games, surf the web and mainly text friends and/or family. If students are being distracted on their phones in the class they simply aren’t learning. Support: Distractions in class are similar to distractions on the road, when you have a cell phone on the road your full attention isn’t on the road as in school your full attention isn’t in the class. Evidence 1: Most teachers want students to achieve high marks in their classes but it’s not possible when they are contradicting themselves by allowing cell phones in school/classrooms. When teachers are giving the students lectures or teaching an important lesson it is very easy to lose focus with a cell phone right by your side. Elaboration 1: It’s difficult to achieve high grades with cellphones. Cell phones are being a constant distraction all the time and if schools banned cell phones every student would be getting higher grades rather than before when they had a cellphone. Support: Cell phones are acting as students best friends as they spend most all their time on their phones than pay attention in class. Evidence 2: Mobile technology consultant Tomi Ahonen analysed a study commissioned by Nokia. They found that in users aged 13 – 18 check their smartphones almost 150 times a day. Students also spend a lot of their time in school checking social media websites where they chat with friends and play games. (Spencer) Elaboration 2: Education is first priority, especially when in school. If the average student is receive 150 texts a day that means they are texting at least some of that in school. When students are texting in school or chatting on social media websites it makes it very hard for them to focus in class, especially when they are playing games, it causes other students sitting around the person on the phone to watch him/her also distracting other classmates. Support: Students wish to achieve high grades but with a cell phone many are tempted to check it every few minutes distracting them from the class. Evidence 3: Health and human services researchers at Kent State University, in Ohio, surveyed about 500 undergraduate majors across a range of majors. One of their findings was that students with more cell phones had lower grade averages. (Berger) Elaboration 3: Almost every student has a cell phone and they are all constantly on it. If students have lower grade averages because they have cell phones it means they are on it in school during classes causing a distraction to themselves, therefore providing them with lower grades which is not beneficial to anyone. Concluding Sentence: Excluding cell phones from school will help students’ marks by allowing them to pay attention resulting in good grades. Transition: Distraction isn’t the only con about cellphones. Cyber Bullying is a major worldwide issue contributed by cellphones as well. Body Paragraph Three: Topic Sentence (Claim 3): Cyber Bullying has become a well-known, widespread teen issue around the world. Billions of people are active on social websites and are texting each month allowing students to contact each other from anywhere. When students have cell phones in school they can send anything they want to anyone they want with a touch of a button. Support: Cell phones are great tools but when put in the wrong hand they can help assist in breaking down a student to tears. Evidence 1: According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the U.S Health Department roughly 85 percent of teens are bullied in school and 25 percent of those teens are repeatedly bullied using cellphones. 50 percent are too shy to talk about it. (U.S Health Department) Elaboration 1: Bullying is a very serious issue and by allowing cell phones in schools, teachers are also â€Å"allowing† bullying to occur. If cell phones were not allowed in school it would help over 50 percent of bullied teens to be safe from cyber bullies. Support: Cell phones are so strong that they can be used to bully someone to the extent where the person cannot take it anymore. Evidence 2: On October 12, 2012 occurred a very sad and devastating incident where a Grade 10 student named Amanda Todd committed suicide. It started off when a stranger met her online convincing her to strip. Later on Amanda switched schools and found out he had created a Facebook account with the profile picture of her bare breasts. She then tried to kill herself by drinking bleach. Students at her school would bully her and she couldn’t take it anymore resulting in her death. (Canadian Press) Elaboration 2: Amanda had a happy life until she met someone online and started receiving threats from students on her phone at school. In the end she took her life. Cell phones were used by harassing Amanda and threatening her during school. If cell phones were not allowed at school it just might have saved her life. Support: Sadly many people around the word end up changing schools and unintentionally ending relationships with friends due to cell phones accompanying bullying. Evidence 3: Ashley was yet another young girl enjoying school when unknowingly one of her friends started to take pictures of her using her cell phone. The images were then part of a fake profile on a social media website of Ashley with her private information. Ashley later found out about the profile. The girl had full control of Ashley’s â€Å"profile† and Ashley couldn’t do anything about it. Ashley was later on forced to switch schools. Elaboration 3: Cell phones can be very powerful tools and in Ashley’s case very dangerous ones. If cell phones were banned at schools the girl could never have taken a picture of Ashley. Restated Thesis: Cell phones should not be part of the learning environment as they bring harm to the school and the students. Students take advantage of their phones in negative ways such as cheating on tests, bullying others and it just creates a distraction in class affecting their grades. Works Cited .More than 200 Students Caught Cheating in Bihar. Press Trust of India. N.p., 14 January 2014. Web. 22 Feb 2014. . The Child Study Center.Cheating in School, How it happens. Josephine Institute. N.p., 21 August 2011. Web. 22 Feb 2014. . U.S Health Department,, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and Cyberbullying Research Center. Cyber/Bullying Statistics. .N.p., 5 July 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. . Spencer, Ben.Mobile users can’t leave their phones without checking it for 6 minutes. N.p., 11 February 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. . Berger, Eric.Students who use cellphones more get lower grades. N.p., 16 Dec 2013. Web. 23 Feb 2014. . Canadian Press. Amanda Todd commits suicide N.p., 12 October 2012. Web. 22 Feb 2014. . Kids Health. Cheating.†. N.p. Web. 24 Feb 2014.

The Liability of Tobacco Makers Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essa

The Liability of Tobacco Makers Cigarettes have an affect on almost everyone, even if a person does not smoke. A man name Charles Green was affected by cigarettes, even though he never smoked a cigarette in his life. Green is 39 years old, and he used to be a very athletic person. That is, until he began working for a company full of smokers. Green worked behind a desk in an office building where everyone around him smoked. He was shoved in a little cubicle where smoke was thick in the air from his coworkers. After a time, Charles needed medication to help control his asthma from all of the smoke in his lungs. When he began to complain about the smoke, he was told to â€Å"Live with it.† When Charles decided to sue the company and the tobacco industry, he was awarded $60,000 for worker’s compensation. Green was not the only worker to sue tobacco companies, and he will not be the last (We’re Fighting). Is it right that people are allowed to put tobacco companies at fault for illness due to smoking? Each year there are hundreds of court cases in the United States against tobacco companies just like Charles Green’s case. Long term smokers and nonsmokers like Green are suing large tobacco companies for injuries from smoking. They feel that tobacco companies should be punished for making a product that millions of people use everyday. Although studies show that smoking cigarettes may cause cancer, tobacco companies claim that there is not a direct link. If the tobacco companies start losing the court cases, the price of cigarettes will increase. This increase is designed to keep people from buying cigarettes because of the high prices (Olsson). Even though tobacco companies have only lost one case, the link between smoking c... ...ere are also warning labels on every product with tobacco in it that is sold in the United States. Although there has only been one case where a tobacco company has ended up paying a settlement, I feel that as more people get cancer, more people will find new ways to sue. Works Cited â€Å"Highlights of the Tobacco Settlement.† 26 June 1997. Facts on File: World News Digest. 30 October 2004 . Olsson, Johan. â€Å"Product Liability in the Tobacco Industry. A Contemporary Issue.† 29 April 1994. Times Square. 2 November 2004 . â€Å"Tobacco Litigation Documents.† 27 September 2004. Galen: Digital Library of UCSF. 29 October 2004 . â€Å"We’re Fighting Big Tobacco.† 2000. JEL Iowa. 30 October 2004 .

The Universal Living Wage Essay -- Essays Papers

The Universal Living Wage In 1906 Father John Ryan, a renowned social and economic intellectual within the Catholic Church, published a book titled A Living Wage: Its Ethical and Economic Aspects. The book introduced to America workers the idea of a guaranteed minimum pay determined by the basic costs of living and set the stage for later minimum wage legislation during the 1930’s. Over the last decade, the idea of a living wage has resurfaced as workers have become more outspoken about the inadequacies of the federal and state minimum wage levels. Living wage legislation for government workers has taken effect in major U.S. cities such as Baltimore, Los Angeles, San Jose, Detroit, Boston, and many more. This paper will discuss the moral, social, and economic implications of instituting these laws as well as labor conditions around the world and the need for guaranteed living wages in countries such as India and Mexico. First of all, a clear definition of the living wage should be established. The Universal Living Wage Campaign Organization says that if a person works forty hours a week, a living wage should provide the worker and his/her dependents with proper nutrition, health care, housing, clothing, and transportation. Some debate has arisen around this definition though for a few reasons. First of all, the number of dependents the wage-earner must support has a huge impact on the calculation of the living wage. A wage-earner who only has to support himself can survive with a much lower wage than a wage-earner who must support a family of five for example, so how should legislation take this into account? If the idea of the living wage is to pay workers based on need, a law that provides a wage capable of supp... ...> - Clean Clothes Campaign. < http://www.cleanclothes.org/campaign/liwa99-11- 3.htm>. - â€Å"Universal Living Wage Effect on Business and Taxpayers†. http://www.nationalhomeless.org/ulwwhitepaper.html - Pritchard, Justin. â€Å"U.S. Study Concludes That 'Living Wage' Reduces Poverty†. < http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0314-03.htm >. 2002 - Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras. â€Å"New Study: Mexicans Unable to Live on Sweatshop Wages†. . 2001. - CFO â€Å"Protecting the Rights of Maquiladora Workers†. - Pritchard, Justin. â€Å"Study: Living Wage Laws Work†. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/14/national/main503712.shtml - http://www.epinet.org/issueguides/minwage/figure1.gif

The Theme of Marriage in Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice Essays

The Theme of Marriage in Jane Austen's Pride And Prejudice One of the main themes in Pride And Prejudice is marriage. Throughout the novel, the author describes the various types of marriages and reasons behind them. "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. The novel demonstrates how many women need to marry men they are not in love with simply in order to gain financial security. The first instance of marriage seen in the novel is that between Mr and Mrs Bennet. However it is far from perfect, with the couple barely speaking to each other. Mr Bennet's extreme sarcasm that is seen throughout the book makes Mrs Bennet seem incompetent to hold a conversation and indeed at times a relationship. "They are silly and ignorant, like other girls". Austen uses the Bennet's relationship to illustrate at the beginning of the book that clearly many did not marry because of love or connection but merely for social and financial acceptance. The Longbourn estate is an extreme hardship on the Bennet family; it produces a hurdle in Mrs Bennet's goal to get all of her children married. The entailment of Mr Bennet's estate leaves his daughters in a poor financial situation, which both requires them to marry and makes it more difficult for them to marry. It might be correct in assuming that Mrs Bennet felt social and financial pressure to get all of her children married. Her husband's estate was entailed to his nephew, Mr. Collins. Therefore, Mrs. Bennet wanted her daughters to have financial stability elsewhere in case of their father's death. "If you go on refusing eve... .... Austen creates a character that is not special in any particular way but is yet so perfect to fulfil the role of a wife. We see that she is well dressed, educated, and creative. It is these qualities that attract Darcy as well as Elizabeth's apparent unwillingness to actually marry. Ultimately Elizabeth wants to marry for love. She turns down Mr Collins, even though he could have offered her a comfortable position in life and Mr Darcy, even with his fortune of  £10 000 a year. Austen uses different characters and their relationships to represent to the reader different aspects of marriage. Austen wants to create the perfect marriage but in doing this shows the reader that no marriage is perfect. She highlights how money and social status was far more desirable in the 19th century then true love and appreciation.

Drink †Marketing Essay

The brand that we know of today, Snapple, originally was manufactured in 1972 as an all-natural apple juice business in Greenwich Village. Arnie Greenberg, Leonard Marsh, and Hyman Golden founded the Snapple Brand outsourcing production and product development building their network of distributers across New York City. Despite many product flavors that were failures, premium pricing balanced everything out and Snapple was still able to generate revenues. Unlike Snapple, from 1972 to 1993, much start up juice companies had failed or were sold off to larger distributers. Howard Stern, Rush Limbaugh, and Wendy Kaufman were a huge part of the success. The original owners sold the company to Thomas H. Lee Company in 1992, who then sold it to Quaker Oats in 1993. Quaker owned Gatorade and thought that by purchasing Snapple it would be as successful as the sports drink once they started stocking grocery store shelves. Unfortunately, Business Week tells us that this acquisition proved to be one of the major U. S. business disasters of the 1990’s. The brand lost 1. 4 billion dollars in value under Quaker’s ownership as well as the distribution channel power it had established years prior. Four years later, Ken Gilbert and Mike Weinstein of Triarc, used research from a NJ group, Deutsch, Inc. , to assess the company in hopes of setting priorities and to reverse the downward slide Quaker had left the company in. Ultimately, Weinstein had hopes of reinvigorating the brand, though Gilbert was hesitant. Deutsch had researched the brand and found solutions such as demarcating Snapple as a category set aside from any others like diet soda and chocolate milk. Weinstein felt that Snapple was an upbeat drink and that they should keep the ball rolling on an upward track to success. Primary goals for Triarc in the short term go along with some of the business decisions the company made earlier when it was known for its â€Å"all natural† beverages. Increasing sales volume and market share for the Snapple brand in general is the overall culture of the company short term. One example of how to do so would be signing celebrity spokesperson to reconnect with consumers as they once did with Wendy Kaufman. Wendy’s aberrant personality was a form of advertisement for the Snapple brand which also attracted the unpaid media attention. Hopefully with a new personality Snapple will appea4r again on Oprah, and David Letterman. An idea for a celebrity spokesperson would be Angelina Jolie. She travels the world, can show places she has been on commercials with people drinking Snapple. Questions she could ask would be based on their culture by what type of Snapple they enjoy. Market studies should be conducted while promoting the drink so that they can find the top ten favorite flavors nationwide and globally. Sticking by one spokesperson and earning the trust again of the public is key. Earning trust of the public will also include answering fan mail and establishing fan clubs. Over the long term this can be established. She can answer her mail on TV eventually as Wendy once did to connect back to the public. Triarc cannot decide to dump the celebrity midway during success and expect the consumers to respond favorably; we saw the result of this when Wendy was let go in prior years. This lost the brand’s authenticity and trust in the consumer’s eyes. Over the long term I feel that Snapple needs to also increase TV, radio, and print advertising which is innovative to the brand. Once the brand is more recognizable with a celebrity, the additional advertising will get the brand out there. The most important opportunity Snapple has at this time is where it is in the market. It needs to increase itself in the juice/soda drinking market segments. To do so the need to launch new products based on this beverage market what is most popular but keep the same labeling. Aggressive distribution and customer loyalty strategy’s is important. Snapple used to have events such as fashion shows where people would dress up in dresses made only of Snapple lids. Another idea would be to have games like McDonalds has each year with the monopoly pieces. It will get the public of all ages involved and it will be fun. Snapple was considered by many to be a good example of a conventional product that was marketed in an unconventional fashion. Snapple was a popular beverage brand in the USA and several other parts of the world. The brand was launched by the Unadulterated Food Company in New York, in 1972. Over the years, Snapple came to be known for its unconventional promotional efforts which earned the brand a substantial fan following. The Snapple Beverage Corporation became one of the first companies to enter the ‘New Age Beverages’market, which included non-carbonated drinks like tea and juices in the late 1980s. Snapple changed hands several times over the years. However, barring a few bad years, the brand remained very popular among consumers.

Some Interpretations Have Portrayed Tragic Heroines

Some Interpretations Have Portrayed Tragic Heroines as Manipulative Plotters Driven by Passionate Desires. Others Have Seen the Tragic Women as Victims of Powerful Individuals or Society as a Whole. Bearing in Mind By Troubleshoots Gertrude is a very minute character in Hamlet, yet the same cannot be said about her impact on the action of the play. Certain audiences view Gertrude in different ways, some sympathies with her as a character, and see her actions as empowering towards women as a whole, letting loose of the social conventions of the Shakespearian era, in addition to being a caring mother.However, I feel there are two options that can be seen here concerning Gertrude as a person, and neither of them are positive, as the only two plausible ways in which her character can be based on is a manipulative plotter, or one who is simply invested in her own ignorance. Considering her lack of concern for the social conventions of the time, alongside poor ways of dealing with an unsta ble son, it is my personal opinion that Shakespeare intended Gertrude to be seen as a manipulative plotter, rather than a woman who epitomized a tragic heroine.To begin assessing how much of a tragic heroine Gertrude really was, it is imperative o assess the tragic conventions of the time. ‘A hero must fall from fortune and power, with a tragic flaw allowing the reader to empathic with the character' (Aristotle 335 BCC) In addition to this, Shakespearean tragic conventions also suggest that a tragic heroine must show promise of further greatness and possess a character trait that would normally be a virtue, but under the circumstances of the play become a flaw.On the surface my repudiation of Gertrude as anything other than a manipulative plotter may seem a brash claim; at least it does until we are met with the way she infernos Claudia in Act 2 Scene 2. Her line thanks Guilelessness, and gentle Restaurants' (2:2:34) is used either to correct what Claudia said Just before her, or is simply her mistaking between Restaurants and Guilelessness.I think it is obvious that it is merely Gertrude correcting Claudia, as if the line were meant to be said with indecision, Shakespeare would have most likely used a question mark in the speech in order to highlight that Gertrude was meant to say the line with a certain amount of uncertainty. This shows that whilst the nature of the line may have been unsorted as one that was merely of her own confusion, I maintain the claim that it is far more likely that Shakespeare intended for this to be an indication of Gertrude out for – one who is devious, scheming and willing to plot.Considering that the social conventions of the time dictated that women were to be inferior to men, the idea of correcting a man without even a hint of uncertainty portrays to a Shakespearian audience an ignorance of social values; in my opinion this is used as a subtle hint early on to make the audience know that this is a character to watc h out for, as her expedient nature percolates and promulgates itself to the audience throughout the rest of the play.Whilst it may be conceded that a modern audience would see Gertrude in a less damning way, we cannot ignore the fact that this wildly contradicts the idea of a tragic heroine being one that the audience can empathic with, nor does it show any evidence of her having a virtue which would turn out to be a flaw.Gertrude moral turpitude is pumped at relentlessly throughout the play, and is shown further in Act 2 Scene 2, where Gertrude is shown without ambiguity or doubt hat she is aware of Hamlet's grief ‘l doubt [Hamlet's upset] is no other but the main: His father's death and our detracts marriage' (2:2:56), dispelling any possible nature that Gertrude does not know what is wrong with Hamlet.Despite this, she makes no effort to console Hamlet, and merely accepts the very brief Well, we shall sift him' reply that is given by Claudia. This meaner one of two things: that she is unable to think or speak for herself, or able to speak up but unwilling. Considering that she had already corrected Claudia earlier in the play, it thus follows that this line was not en that showed her as a victim of powerful individuals as she has already proven earlier that she is not a mindless sycophant.When we are to consider that her son has been horrifically upset to the point where he is bordering on insanity, and the reason for this is because of Gertrude marriage to his brother only two weeks after the death of his father (for whom he had the greatest admiration) yet still felt no need to console him, I would argue that by her inaction what she did was indicative of a manipulative plotter.Not only this, but her status as a tragic heroine is dispelled, s simply allowing one's own flesh and blood to suffer is the direct antithesis of what it meaner to be a tragic heroine: ‘a character which allows the audience to empathic with them'. I feel that this is st rong evidence for her status as a manipulative plotter. It is not only in Gertrude treatment of Hamlet that her manipulation is evident, but in her behavior towards other characters. The Queen's hostility towards Aphelia initially appears through sophisticated strategies of aggression, but the increasing dangers force stronger defenses. Whether resulting from physical action or ethical taxation, the Queen is culpable in the death of Aphelia† (Lobber, Harmonic 2004) The quote above suggests motives for Gertrude in killing Aphelia, and thus truly securing her status as a manipulative plotter, and one completely incapable of fitting the definition for a tragic heroine.Of course, interpretation of Gertrude is a difficult thing, and a large part of this is due to Shakespeare giving Gertrude very few spoken lines during the play, yet this does seem odd considering that her role is so crucial to Hamlet's suffering. So why does Shakespeare do this? Personally, I feel her infrequent ap pearances, yet essential role are placed within the play in order to create a sense of suspicion about Gertrude, to keep the audience wondering about where Gertrude be said that this quote is not enough to completely condemn Gertrude.However, when all the evidence piles up, Shakespeare creates a special bond between Aphelia and Gertrude, particularly when we look at the following interpretation â€Å"the language of flowers creates a relationship that in effect places them in close proximity' (Radcliff, S – 1998) which again implies that Shakespeare purposely rated closeness between these two in this scene for a purpose, and I feel that in creating this bond Shakespeare was effectively offering Gertrude a chance to be seen as a tragic heroine, yet we know that at the very least she was passive or unable, both of which contradict the supposed nobility of a tragic heroine.That said, I think that the closeness created by Shakespeare was to show that Gertrude actually did have t he chance to save Aphelia, and if he had not used the language of flowers in such a way, it would have shown Gertrude inability rather than her nature as a manipulative plotter.This is supported by the fact that Gertrude ‘kills' Aphelia from the play, and whilst I realize it is completely impossible to prove the speculations about off-stage events, she does in fact ‘kill her' off from the play, as she is the one who reveals her death, making it far too coincidental for it to be unintentional, and in my opinion the most obvious interpretation seems to me that Gertrude is meant to be seen as a manipulative plotter.In conclusion, I do feel that Shakespeare intended Gertrude to be a manipulative plotter, as every possible moment of niceness she portrays within the play, in my pinion can be countered with at least an equally good reason as to why she could have done so in a meticulously fetid way. Even when we consider her name ‘Gertrude', the sounds of the g and the â €˜r' are harsh sounding, and this could well have been done in order to create an immediately disliked and nasty character.Her ignorance is a possible interpretation, but upon further exploration of her lines we have discovered that she is aware of why Hamlet is upset, and yet still chooses to take no act to relieve this. We have seen compelling evidence from other critics to suggest her involvement in Aphelion's death, combined with several remarks that come off as at the very least petty, if not malicious, in addition to the chances she has to make a big difference in the play, yet seems either incompetent or scheming.

Law Case Study Essay

QUESTION On 1 October, Buyer saw a courier van with a FOR SALE sign that included a telephone number and a price of â€Å"$25,000 cash.† That night, Buyer called Seller. Buyer explained that he would have to borrow the money but could get it next week. Seller provided his address to Buyer and told Buyer, â€Å"If you want the van, mail me a cheque for $5000. Pay the balance by1 November.† Later that day, Buyer mailed Seller a $5000 cheque. The next night, at Buyer’s 18th birthday party, Buyer discussed the deal with Investor. After buying the van, Buyer planned to start a document courier service, and he had spent $1200 on business cards, flyers and a cellular phone. Buyer projected a profit of $50,000 in the first year. Investor was impressed with Buyer’s plans and agreed to loan Buyer $20,000 to buy the van. On 25 October, Buyer called Seller to pick up the van. Seller refused and said someone had offered him $35,000 for the van. Seller had not cashed Buyer’s cheque as yet. Seller offered to deposit the cheque and give him the van if Buyer would pay Seller $20,000 now plus $400 a month for 25 months. Buyer laughed and said, â€Å"Yeah, right.† But without a van, Buyer would not be able to start his courier service. Investor wants to hire you to give Buyer legal advice. Prepare a memorandum addressing the following matters in detail, and including relevant case law to support your arguments: What are Buyer’s potential claims against Seller? What are Seller’s potential defences? Who is likely to prevail in the event this case goes to court? Assume Buyer prevails in his lawsuit against Seller. What damages is Buyer likely to receive from the court? SUMMARY AND RELEVANT FACTS In this case Buyer is plaintiff whereas Seller is defendant. October 1: Buyer saw courier van FOR SALE with a telephone number at the price of  $25000. Buyer called seller later at night and told him that he could borrow money by next week. Seller demanded $5000 by cheque and to pay remaining by November 1. Buyer mailed the cheque. October 2: Buyer became a major. Buyer spent $1200 on courier service advertisement. Investor loaned buyer $20,000. October 25: Seller refused as he had gotten a better offer of $35,000.Seller offered to deposit the buyer’s un-cashed cheque on conditions for the buyer to pay $20,000 for van + $400 for the next 25 months. Buyer refused his new offer. ISSUE(S) The main issue is this scenario is whether it is a valid contract or not. If yes, then what are the rights and damages available to buyer on breach of contract by seller? The following sections of Australian contract law should be satisfied in order to make this contract valid. (see below) These elements need to be explored to determine whether it is applicable. RULE/ RELEVANT LAWS All the agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not expressly declared to be void. The person making the offer is known as the offerer, proposer, or promisor and the person to whom it is made is called the offeree or proposee. When the offeree accepts the offer, he is called the acceptor or promise. When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing , or promise to do or to abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise. Every person is competent to contract if he  is an age of majority, Is a sound mind, And is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. APPLICATION A contract is formed valid if there is an offer, acceptance and consideration. FORMATION OF THE VALID CONTRACT OFFER VS. INVITATION TO OFFER There are some kinds of activities which appear to be making offer but legally are not, for instance, distributing broachers and circulars, display of goods for sale and advertising. So the seller could raise the point that he didn’t make an offer. He only made an invitation to make an offer. Partridge vs. Crittenden [1968][1] The FOR SALE sign would not considered as an offer since it is an invitation to make an offer. In this case, buyer made an offer by calling the seller. ACCEPTANCE For making a valid contract following elements should be essential: offer, acceptance and intention/consideration (Graw, S. (2002). An introduction to the law of contract. (4th ed) chapter 2, page 94). Buyer made an offer to the seller but was unable to enter into a contract since he did not have money until the next week. But the seller shows a manifestation of an intention that he wanted to accept his offer. Seller made a counter offer by asking buyer to send him $5000 on the same day by cheque through post and the rest of amount until November 1. The postal rule of acceptance is applied. In this scenario, buyer accepted the offer when he mailed the $5000 the next day because this way seller wanted the acceptance. A valid contract is formed which is irrevocable until November 1. [Routledge v. Grant, (1828) 4 Bing. 653] [2] INTENTION AND CONSIDERATION For the agreement to be viewed as a contract, it must either be supported by consideration or be a formal contract. This is the third essential element required to form a valid contract. (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 207) The consideration is this case is $5000 from the promisor to the promisee to keep the option open [Currie vs. Misa 918750 L.R. 10 ex.153][3]. CAACITY OF PARTIES The buyer was minor at the formation of contract October 1. This could be the seller defends against the buyer that he was a minor at that time and the agreement is ab initio since the consideration would not counted. According to the Australian Consumer Law some people are under a disability when it comes to making contracts (e.g. minors); their capacity to contract is restricted. (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page  193). Consideration which passed under the earlier contract cannot be implied into a contract which the minor enters on attaining majority. Thus, the consideration given during the minority is no consideration. If it is necessary a fresh contract may be entered into by the minor on attaining majority provided it is supported by fresh consideration. [Lesile V. Shiell, (1914) 3 K. B. 607][4]. The completion of agreement was November 1 and buyer turned into a major on October 2. And both the parties were agreed till October 24. Seller could not accu se that the contract is ab-initio because they have mutual consideration till October 24. It makes the contract voidable at the option of buyer not the seller at the time since the seller is unaware of the fact that he is a minor. But in the completion period buyer becomes a major. Therefore, seller cannot terminate the contract on basis of that. There is a valid consideration from both of the parties- from buyer that he will pay him until November 1 and sellers agreed on it. The contract becomes irrevocable. In spite of whether seller sending the cheque back, or didn’t cash the cheque. He can argue that he didn’t accept it. But the acceptance is made at the time when he received the cheque. If it is a valid contract and someone does not perform it on their part of bargain. In other words, he is repudiating it, and then the words must be certain. When buyer calls the seller he rejected to sell his van. But buyer has an option available to purchase it until November 1. Seller can argue that there wasn’t a proper contract it was preliminary negotiations . He can argue that he made a counter offer. If the case goes to the court buyer will prevail the law suit. Damages available to buyer  Breaches of contract are normally remedied by an award of â€Å"damages†- an amount of money that is paid as compensation, fairly and reasonably considered to arise naturally from the breach itself. It is reasonably supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach (Gillies, P. (2004). Business law. (12th Ed.) Chapter 8, page 325). If the court gives decision in favour of buyer and it concludes that the contract is valid. Then buyer can sue the seller and immediately return of his $5000 cheque and for any actual, consequential and special damages [Hadley vs. Baxendale][5]. In  order to obtain consequential damages seller must have known about the losses that are caused by his breach. Buyer will argue that he has lost $1200 on cards, flyers and cell phone call as well as $50,000 that he can generate annually from that van. Seller could argue that buyer is not entitled for these damages since there is nothing mention in the contract retaining to these loses. The court will favour seller over here since it is not a unique van that buyer cannot do the business without it. When a contract has been broken, the injured party can recover from the other party such damages as naturally and directly arose in the usual course of things from the breach. This means that the damages must be the proximate consequence of the breach of contract. These damages are known as ordinary and/ or actual damages. Buyer can sue for actual damages, which would be the difference in price of the van and the comparable prevailing price in market. He can also obtain the special damages which would be costs curtailing from the breach like wastage of time and money from searching a new one. CONCLUSION Seller made an inviting gesture for an offer for his good. Buyer made an offer by calling the seller for his good; however he could not enter the contract for lack of money. Seller made a counter offer by asking for a mailed $5000 cheque. Buyer accepted the offer and therefore got into contract. The contract was made on the 2nd of October, one day before the buyer became a major, and was standing until the 1st of November, before which the seller backed out of the contract at the 25th of October. Seller may argue that the contract was not ab initio as the buyer was a minor at the time of contract. However, the buyer may argue that since the seller agreed to the contract, by accepting the mailed cheque, after the buyer was a major the contract is not ab initio and in fact does exist. In case the case goes to court the buyer will prevail in the law suit as the injured party. REFERENCES TEXT BOOK (Graw, S. (2002). An introduction to the law of contract. (4th ed) chapter 2, page 94) (M.L BARRON, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 207) (M.L Barron, fundamental of business law, chapter 7, page 193) (Gillies, P. (2004). Business law. (12th Ed.) Chapter 8, page 325) Gibson, A. and Fraser, D, (2007). Business law (3rd ed.) Chapter 7, page 293 CASES Partridge vs. Crittenden [1968][1] Partridge v Crittenden was a landmark 1968 British Court ruling that set legal precedent in that country. The case focused on the nature of advertisements in regard to the obligation of those who post them. Specifically, this case involved the sale of a bird, which the buyer, Crittenden, claimed was misrepresented in the ad. While Partridge initially lost the case, he later won on appeal. The significance of this ruling relates not to the sale of birds in particular, but whether an ad is an offer for sale or an ‘invitation to treat. [Routledge v. Grant, (1828) 4 Bing. 653] [2] Defendant (D) offered to buy plaintiff’s (P) house for a specific price with a definite answer to be given within six weeks. D was not bound to keep the offer open Best CJ if six weeks are given on one side to accept an offer, the other has six weeks to put an end to it. One party cannot be bound without the other. Currie vs. Misa [1875] L.R. 10 ex.153][3] Even relatively trivial things can be sufficient consideration e.g. chocolate wrappers but a promise not to bore someone cannot, because it has no value. [Lesile V. Shiell, (1914) 3 K. B. 607][4]. Defendant obtained loans from plaintiff by fraudulently misrepresenting that he was of full age at the time of contract. Defendant sued him to recover the money. [Hadley vs. Baxendale][5] A shaft in Hadley’s (P) mill broke rendering the mill inoperable. Hadley hired Baxendale (D) to transport the broken mill shaft to an engineer in Greenwich so that he could make a duplicate. Hadley told Baxendale that the shaft must be sent immediately and Baxendale promised to deliver it the next day. Baxendale did not know that the mill would be inoperable until the new shaft arrived. Baxendale was negligent and did not transport the shaft as  promised, causing the mill to remain shut down for an additional five days. Hadley had paid 2 pounds four shillings to ship the shaft and sued for 300 pounds in damages due to lost profits and wages. The jury awarded Hadley 25 pounds beyond the amount already paid to the court and Baxendale appealed.

Managing Human Resources in H&SC Essay

Rules and regulations: Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by the College. Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / isn’t plagiarism. Coursework Regulations 1 You are required to submit your coursework on-line through online e-learning system http://stponline.org.uk. Detailed information about this  is available in the student handbook submission 2 Details of submission procedures and penalty fees can be obtained from Academic Administration or the general student handbook. 3 Late coursework will be accepted by Academic Admin Office and marked according to the guidelines given in your Student Handbook for this year. 4 If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one, using a coursework extension request form available from the Academic Admin Office. Do not ask the lecturers responsible for the course – they are not authorised to award an extension. The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick. 5 General guidelines for submission of coursework: a All work must be word-processed and must be of â€Å"good† standard. b Document margins shall not be more than 2.5cm or less than 1.5cm c Font size in the range of 11 to 14 points distributed to including headings and body text. Preferred typeface to be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text. d Any computer files generated such as program code (software), graphic files that form part of the course work must be submitted either online with the documentation. e The copy of the course work submitted may not be returned to you after marking and you are advised to have your personal copy for your reference. f All work completed, including any software constructed may not be used for any purpose other than the purpose of intended study without prior written permission from St Patrick’s International College. Outcomes and assessment requirements Outcomes Assessment criteria for pass To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to: LO1 Understand processes for recruiting individuals to work in health and social care 1.1 Explain the factors to be considered when planning the recruitment of individuals to work in health and social care 1.2 Explain how relevant legislative and policy frameworks of the home country influence the selection, recruitment and employment of individuals 1.3 Evaluate different approaches that may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals for work in health and social care LO2 Understand strategies for building effective teams for working in health and social care 2.1 Explain theories of how individuals interact in groups in relation to the types of teams that work in health and social care 2.2 Evaluate approaches that may be used to develop effective team working in health and social care LO3 Understand systems for monitoring and promoting the development of individuals working in health and social care 3.1 Explain ways in which the performance of individuals working in health and social care can be monitored 3.2 Assess how individual training and development needs can be identified 3.3 Analyse different strategies for promoting the continuing development of individuals in the health and social care workplace LO4 Understand approaches for managing people working in health and social care. 4.1 Explain theories of leadership that apply to the health and social care workplace 4.2 Analyse how working relationships may be managed 4.3 Evaluate how own development has been influenced by management approaches encountered in own experience. Case Scenario – St – Patrick’s Nursing Home You have recently been appointed as a trainee Human Resources Officer at  St-Patrick’s Nursing Home located in central London. During the first formal meeting with the Board of Directors you were told about the recent expansion of the nursing home by your HR Director. You were also informed about the various problems that St Patrick’s Nursing Home have been experiencing, such as the high rate of employee turnover(caused by low pay, poor working conditions, long hours, not enough benefits or a negative atmosphere from management, fixed/inflexible contracts; inadequate salaries; recruitment based on favoritismetc.). Alsocomplaints from residents and families about the quality of care, and staff errors due toInsufficient knowledge or application of clinical-care standards and protocols; lack ofguidelines; inadequate supervisionthat compromised the safety and efficiency of care. The HR Director is under pressure to increase staff retention in order to reduce future traini ng and recruitment costs. She believes that the current recruitment and selection policies of St-Patrick’s Nursing Home are partly responsible for the turnover problem. The HR Director also suggested that care workers’ performance, satisfaction and commitment to the organisation depend on collaborative team-working. She mentioned that staff members were often blamed for not communicating important messages to one another whilst on shift, not handing over effectively at the end of their shift, and coming to work â€Å"just to do their shift and go home†. As part of your job, you are required to ensure that the recruitment planning and selection approaches are used effectively and that the relevant legislative and policy framework of the home country are implemented during this process; andprepare a comprehensive and appropriate Performance Evaluation Plan for all of the employees working in your organisation; also you should to make some recommendations on the types of training nursing staff will require considering their current level of competence and future development requirements. At the end of the training, the employees will acquire the knowledge and skills to enable them apply the core standards set by the Care Quality Commission. You have been asked by your boss to arrange a training session for the care staff in order to enlighten them about the techniques and leadership skills that you have used and applied over the period of time in managing and leading people at the workplace, and which they can apply to their roles. You r training session also needs to educate them about the relevance and application of different  leadership theories in leading people and managing relationships with peers and subordinates. Finally, make them aware how you have been continuously updating your knowledge and developing yourself throughout, and what the benefits of ‘investing in yourself’ were. A grand party would be organizedby your HR director praising all your hard work and achievements you would have accomplished in a short span of time working at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home. More information can be accessed from the following websites: www.CQC.org.uk., www.legislation.gov.uk, www.acas.org.uk, www.cipd.co.uk Assignment: Based on the scenario above you are required to complete an ESSAY of 3,000 words (this is an indicative word limit).You should refer to the assessment criteria and the relevant unit content, when preparing your evidence of assessment. The essay is formed of the following four sections below which relate to the learning outcomes. Learning Outcome 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) 1.1 Explain the factors that need to be considered when planning the recruitment of individuals to work at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home. (M1) 1.2 Explain how relevant legislative and policy frameworks of the home country influence the selection, recruitment and employment of individuals to work in St-Patrick’s Nursing Home(M1 and D1) 1.3 Evaluate the different approaches that may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals, and make recommendations for St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M1 and D1) Learning Outcome 2 (2.1, 2.2) 2.1 Explain the theories of how individuals interact in groups in relation to the types of teams that work in health and social care (M2 and D2) 2.2 Evaluate the approaches that may be used by staff at different levels to develop and promote effective team working at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M2 and D2) Learning Outcome 3 (3.1, 3.2, 3.3,) 3.1 Explain the ways in which the performance of individuals working in health and social care can be appraised(M3 and D3) 3.2 Assess of how individual training and development needs can be identified at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M3 and D3) 3.3 Analyse the different strategies for promoting the continuing development of individuals in the health and social care workplace (M3 and D3) Learning Outcome 4 (4.1, 4.2, 4.3,) 4.1 Explain theories of leadership that apply to the health and social care workplace (M2 and D2) 4.2 Analyse how working relationships may be managed at St-Patrick’s Nursing Home (M3) 4.3Evaluate how your own development has been influenced by management approaches that you encountered in your own experience (M3 and D3) Formative Submission How and why will formative assessment take place? Formative assessment will take place to advise you on your progress within the term (during 4th and 8th week) and the ways in which you could improve before the final (summative) submission. The feedback is for your benefit and is not part of your final grade for the unit. Formative feedback may however not be as detailed as the final feedback you receive, and may be in verbal and/or written form (at the teacher’s discretion). You will be asked to submit your work for formative feedbackin electronic form to your teacher or as hard copy, to which you will receive verbal and/or written feedback. Final (Summative) Submission You need to submit all of the documents relating to your final assignment covering all learning outcomes i.e. LO1, LO2, LO3 and LO4 via stponline.co.uk on or before 12TH April 2014 latest by 23:55. Merit Descriptors Indicative characteristics Contextualised Indicative characteristics (All the characteristics need to be achieved) M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Complex problems with more than one variable have beenexplored. Has demonstrated an understanding of therelevant legislation and policies framework of the home country andknowledge of the different approachesthat may be used to ensure the selection of the best individuals to work in health and social careLO 1.1 1.2,1.3 M2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques The application of relevant theories, techniques and methods, and also justifying all sources of information. Has shown the understanding of the Leadership and team theories and applied them by developing the effective team and workingrelations.LO2.1,2.2,LO4.1 M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings The appropriate structure and approach has been used Has identified the appropriate method of performance appraisal and evaluated the correct staff training and development needsLO3.1, 3.2 Distinction Descriptors Indicative characteristics Contextualised Indicative characteristics (All the characteristics need to be achieved) D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified Has critically evaluated their work and drawn conclusions with justification on how the conclusions were arrived at in relation to the different approaches used to ensure the selection of the best individuals for work in health and social careLO 1.3 D2 Take responsibility of managing and organising activities Independent thinking has been demonstrated and all activities have been managed. Has applied the different leadership and team theories for team management and workingrelationships.LO4.1 4.2 D3 Demonstrate convergent/lateral/creative thinking Self-evaluation has taken place. Has critically evaluatedhow their own development has been influenced by management approaches. LO4.3