Coricancha Inca Temple of the Sun in Cusco

The Coricancha (spelled Qoricancha or Koricancha, depending on which scholar you read and meaning something like Golden Enclosure) was an important Inca temple complex located in the capital city of Cusco, Peru and dedicated to Inti, the sun god of the Incas. The complex was built on a natural hill in the sacred city of Cusco, between the Shapy-Huatanay and Tullumayo Rivers. It was said to have been constructed under the direction of the Inka ruler Viracocha about 1200 AD (although the dates of Viracochas rule are under debate), and later embellished by the Inka Pachacuti [ruled 1438-1471]. Coricancha Complex The Coricancha was the physical and spiritual heart of Cusco--indeed, it represented the heart of the sacred panther outline map of Cuscos elite sector. As such, it was the  focal point of major religious activities within the city. It was also, and perhaps primarily, the vortex of the Inca ceque system. The sacred pathways of shrines called ceques radiated out from Cusco, into the far-flung four quarters of the Inca empire. Most of the ceque pilgrimage lines started at or near the Coricancha, extending out from its corners or nearby structures to more than 300 huacas or places of ritual importance. The Coricancha complex was said by Spanish chroniclers to have been laid out according to the sky. Four temples surrounded a central plaza: one dedicated to Inti (the sun), Killa (the moon), Chasca (the stars) and Illapa (the thunder or rainbow). Another plaza extended westward from the complex where a small shrine was dedicated to Viracocha. All were surrounded by a high, superbly constructed enclosing wall. Outside of the wall was the exterior garden  or Sacred Garden of the Sun. Modular Construction: the Cancha The term cancha or kancha refers to a type of building group, like the Coricancha, that consists of four rectangular structures placed symmetrically around a central plaza. While sites named with cancha (such as Amarucancha and Patacancha,  also known as Patallaqta) are typically orthogonally similar, there is a variation, when insufficient space or topographic restrictions limit the complete setup. (see Mackay and Silva for an interesting discussion) The complex layout has been compared to the Temples of the Sun at Llactapata and Pachacamac: in particular, although this is difficult to pin down given the lack of integrity of Coricanchas walls, Gullberg and Malville have argued that the Coricancha had a built-in solstice ritual, in which water (or chicha beer) was poured into a channel representing the feeding of the sun in the dry season. The interior walls of the temple are trapezoidal, and they have a vertical inclination built to withstand the severest of earthquakes. Stones for the Coricancha were quarried from the Waqoto and Rumiqolqa quarries. According to the chronicles, the walls of the temples were covered with gold plate, looted shortly after the Spanish arrived in 1533. Exterior Wall The largest extant portion of the exterior wall at the Coricancha lies on what would have been the southwestern side of the temple. The wall was constructed of finely cut parallel-piped stones, taken from a specific section of the Rumiqolqa quarry where a sufficient number of flow-banded blue-grey stones could be mined. Ogburn (2013) suggests that this part of the Rumiqolqa quarry was chosen for Coricancha and other important structures in Cusco because the stone approximated the color and type of the gray andesite from the Capia quarry used to create gateways and monolithic sculptures at Tiwanaku, thought to be the homeland of the original Inca emperors. After the Spanish Looted in the 16th century soon after the Spanish conquistadors arrived (and before the Inca conquest was complete), the Coricancha complex was largely dismantled in the 17th century to build the Catholic Church of Santo Domingo atop the Inca foundations. What is left is the foundation, part of the enclosing wall, almost all of the Chasca (stars) temple and portions of a handful of others. Sources Bauer BS. 1998. Austin: University of Texas Press. Cuadra C, Sato Y, Tokeshi J, Kanno H, Ogawa J, Karkee MB, and Rojas J. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the Inca’s Coricancha temple complex in Cusco. Transactions on the Built Environment 83:245-253. Gullberg S, and Malville JM. 2011. The astronomy of Peruvian Huacas. In: Orchiston W, Nakamura T, and Strom RG, editors. Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference: Springer. p 85-118. Mackay WI, and Silva NF. 2013. Archaeology, Incas, Shape Grammars and Virtual Reconstruction. In: Sobh T, and Elleithy K, editors. Emerging Trends in Computing, Informatics, Systems Sciences, and Engineering: Springer New York. p 1121-1131. Ogburn DE. 2013. Variation in Inca Building Stone Quarry Operations in Peru and Ecuador. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 45-64. Pigeon G. 2011. Inca architecture: the function of a building in relation to its form. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin La Crosse.

Use Of Magical Realism Expressed Within The Novella...

24-06 The impact of Magical Realism expressed within the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold? Gabriel Garcia Marquez clearly expresses Magical Realism within the novella, The Chronicle of a Death Foretold. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary, Magical Realism is a literary genre or style associated especially with Latin America that incorporates fantastic or mythical elements into otherwise realistic fiction (Merriam-Webster). In addition to such, the secondary trait involved is the attitude of the narrator towards the characters of the novella: the characters both sub- and main- somehow come to believe and accept events that are contrary to realistic belief and understanding of the world, even unremarkable feats. Although†¦show more content†¦The fact that Angela sends letters for nearly seventeen years, invokes that she is extremely desiring for Bayardo to return and it’s implied to continue a lasting relationship with her. Also in regard to the over two thousand letters sent to Bayardo, it’s quite surprising that he kept them all, †Å"[within] a suitcase [and the fact] all were unopened,† which is unrealistic and rather quite absurd. The absurdity within the novella is that no one realistically will continue to write letters for seventeen years with a reply, let alone for that immense period of time without a reply as what was occurring over the years. Yet the aspect of magical realism allows the act to become acceptable and is held with regards to the love that Angela has for her partner exemplifying the skill that Marquez possesses with such a literary skill. Once the murder is set to take place, there are often many times with which it can be stopped by many of those within the town and even household of Santiago Nasar, many simply sweep the intent aside and set themselves as ‘bystanders’ setting the stage for the effect of magical realism. The fact that the twoShow MoreRelated Use of Magical Realism in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essays1423 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Magical Realism in Gabriel-Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold   Magical realism is clearly present throughout Gabriel-Garcia Marquezs novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold.   Magical realism is the juxtaposition of realism with fantastic, mythic, and magical elements. A secondary trait was the characteristic attitude of narrators toward the subject matter: they frequently appeared to accept events contrary to the usual operating laws of the universe as natural, even unremarkableRead MoreThe Theory, History, and Development of Magical Realism Essay examples3188 Words   |  13 PagesMagical realism is more a literary mode than a distinguishable genre and it aims to seize the paradox of the union of opposites such as time and timelessness, life and death, dream and reality and the pre-colonial past and the post-industrial present. It is characterized by two conflicting perspectives. While accepting the rational view of reality, it also considers the supernatural as a part of reality. The setting in a magical realist text is a normal world with aut hentic human characters. It is

Living like weasels Free Essays

Eighty seven percent of women and eighty one percent of men become parents at some point during their working lives (AUP. Org). That is a pretty high percentage of people whose lives change when they find out they are expecting a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Living like weasels or any similar topic only for you Order Now You suddenly become responsible for another human being. A part of that responsibility is making extremely important decisions that will affect your child’s health and wellbeing, such as deciding whether or not you want to get your child vaccinated. This has been an ongoing debate for decades, but only in the last decade has it come at the forefront of American political discussion. Both sides of the debate have positives and negatives, but the real question Is: which choice Is ultimately better for your child? Whilst doing my research on this topic, I came across a very moving article by a mother who had been anta-vaccination but after doing some Intense research and collecting real science, switched over to the pro-vaccination side of the debate. During her research, she stumbled upon statistics such as: Persists killed an estimated 200,752 people annually pre-vaccination era, but only 13,506 annually post-vaccination era. That is a 93% decrease in deaths. Hepatitis B killed 66,232 people annually pre vaccination era, but only 11,269 annually post-vaccination era. That is an 83% decrease. This mother is very happy with her decision to switch over, and even goes as far as saying â€Å"l was terribly wrong about vaccines, and I’m thankful my girls never caught not blindly following what others putting my trust in science, and discovering who were really my friends all along (Sandals). Not only does this mother believe vaccination is the way to go, but so do a large number of doctors. I found one specific article, written by a practicing physician, Robert Pearl, that was also quite convincing when I was gathering research for the pro-vaccination side of this hot debate. He opens his essay with a very eye opening statemen t that just breaks your heart: â€Å"There is nothing more disheartening for a physician than watching a patient die from a preventable cause (Pearl). † According to Dir. Pearl, the vaccines used in our day and age have minimal risks and safe track records. They undergo rigorous testing, and have proven their effectiveness in clinical trials (Pearl). A great reason for why people should be vaccinated is that it prevents the spread of extremely dangerous diseases. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963, hundreds of thousands of people in the U. S. Contracted the disease annually; but since 1963, reported cases fell to less than a thousand a year. Things began to change In 1998 when a British physician published a study that falsely asserted a investigation into the work revealed the the research was unethical and full of conflicts of interest. The article was filled with false data, and the health care risks described have been discredited. However, the damage had been done. In the U. S. , new measles cases have tripled as of 2013 (Pearl). I also found more than ten other reasons supporting vaccinations for children/people on the website Procom. Org. Pro-vaccination supporters believe that no individual should have the right to risk the health of the public solely for the purpose of satisfying their personal moral, philosophical, or religious views. There is also the concept of â€Å"herd immunity’ within pro-vaccination: since some individuals that have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75% – 94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity. † When herd immunity is achieved the number of minimized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. In response to the claim that vaccines are linked to autism, pro-vaccine supports say that many studies, including one done by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, all reject the hypothesis that temporal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism. To furthermore provide evidence that there is no connection between autism and vaccines, in the case of Mead v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, on March 12th, 2010, the US Court of Federal Claims ruled that the â€Å"theory of vaccine-related causation [of autism]† is scientifically unsupportable. Another main concern for pro-vaccination supporters is the spread of the human papilla virus (HIP). They believe that girls between the ages of 11 and 12 should be required to get the human papilla virus (HIP) vaccine because it protects against four strains of HIP – two of which cause cervical cancer. In the US, cervical cancer is the second leading cancer killer of women. The HIP vaccine can stop these deaths and should be given to all girls fore they become sexually active and have the potential to contract HIP (Procom. Org). The case for pro-vaccination is extremely convincing. However, there is a whole other side to the debate: the anti-vaccination supporters. There are many people who completely believe that vaccines do more harm than good, and that vaccination should not be required for children/adults. According to the International Medical Council on Vaccination, among the top ten reasons to say no to vaccination are reasons such as â€Å"health cannot come through a needle,† â€Å"like bee stings and doses of incline, you can have many vaccines without a reaction†¦ UT the next one can be deadly,† and that â€Å"each shot is Russian Roulette; you never know which chamber has the bullet that could kill you (Tenement). † According to Dir. Sherries Tenement, who is a doctor of osteopathy and the director and founder of Esteemed II, vaccine safety studies are short and inconclusive, and are performed on children who are not ill and not on medication, in other words, by to all c hildren and all adults, even those who have been chronically sick and on different types of medication, so we don’t really know until that happens what the rue clinical trial is around safety (Tenement). Furthermore, Dir. Tenement defines the true meaning of effective in regards to its usage in the phrase â€Å"vaccines are safe and effective†. What effective really means, in this case, is that a substance is shot into a body, and then creates an antibody. There is a leap in assumption though, that simply because you have the antibody, it will protect you and keep from getting sick. In reality, a lot of information out there leads us to believe that we don’t really know what antibody means. Does they mean that you’re chronically sick? Does it mean you’ve had an exposure? Does it mean you’ve had a certain level of protective antibody but you still get sick? Effective doesn’t necessarily translate into protecting you from getting sick (Tenement). Doctor Merely NAS talks about the Guardrails controversy in one of her interviews from a anti-vaccination point of view. She states that she doesn’t know how other doctors can prescribe something like Guardrails, when it is impossible to figure out what the risk benefit equation is (NAS). Her views support a claim I came across on the Procom. Org website, stating that young girls should not receive mandatory vaccination for HIP. According to the organization, the long-term effects are unknown. Since approval, adverse side effects such as severe allergic reactions, Guilin-Barr © syndrome, spinal cord inflammation and pancreatic have been reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. Although these adverse reactions may be rare, they are not worth the risk since the vaccine only protects against two of the many strains of HIP that may cause cancer of the cervix I came across countless other supporting arguments for the anti-vaccinations side of this debate. Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing parents o vaccinate their children would violate the 1st Amendment of the U. S. Constitution which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion. Vaccines also interfere with natural law and God’s plan for humanity. Disease is a natural occurrence, and humans should not interfere with its trajectory. Additionally, vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and Guilin-Barr © Syndrome (GABS). Vaccines can also cause brain inflammation, which can lead to death or permanent brain damage and disorders such as autism, ADD/ADD, and other developmental problems. Their argument supporting the link between vaccines and autism states that the vaccine additive temporal (found in most pre-1999 vaccines) has been associated specifically with the development of autism and is still found in certain macroeconomic, tetanus, and flu vaccines such as the HI IN vaccine. Lastly, a main argument for the anti- vaccination supporters is that children should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine because Hepatitis B is a bloodstone disease and is primarily spread by sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use, therefore children are not at great risk of contracting the disease (Procom. G). Many decades. The purpose of this essay is not to sway you towards either side of the debate, but to inform you about the arguments and supporting reasons that each side has to allow you to form your own opinion and decision about whether or not to vaccinate your kids and/or yourself. Both sides of the debate have many convincing and shocking facts, but in the end, it comes do wn to who you personally agree with more, and which research that you find is the most credible and trustworthy. Good luck all! Works Cited Merely NAS on Vaccines. Dir. Null, Gary. Prod. Null Gary. Peer. NAS, Merely. 2012. Youth. Com. How to cite Living like weasels, Papers Living Like Weasels Free Essays ANNIE DILLARD LIVING LIKE WEASELS Together answer: â€Å"How is the Dillard essay constructed? † Do describe each of its parts. 17 paragraphs in five acts (parts) Characteristic features: explanation of meaning pages 1-2 Premonition: Wild, ETS story, talons, bones and death in life in death. 63 3-7 Setting — time and place. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Like Weasels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hollins/Murray’s Pond (Walden) sunset in suburbia! 63-64 8-11 THE ENCOUNTER; a shocking, world changing – view ; an upsetting event! 64-65 12-14 Reflection on the loss and what this means; thoughtful people are not so free. 5 15-17 The didactic quality, meaning or lesson of this story: she tells you how to live! 65-66 Her conclusive remarks 15 symbiosis two minds become one as open as the land is to snow! 16 freedom of necessity (not as customarily thought — of will to choose) 17 life advice on how to live â€Å"grasp your one necessity† What uses does this author make of â€Å"premonition? † That is how does she utilize imagery to foreshadow some later reuse of images or phrases to tell a story or deepen her initial memory of this experience? eize grip wild rose stunned stillness bondage vs. necessity What happens? She meets her equal, in a weasel (lowly rodent)! The use of IRONY to forcefully convey an unconventional comparison of a thinking huma n and a thoughtless animal. Characteristics are: weasels are: wild predatory hunters Although startled easily, they are–nonetheless–tenacious stalkers. living in their â€Å"physical senses† determined persistent free perseverance. We should be as â€Å"proper, obedient pure† â€Å"not let go† survivors of even death  ¶14 noticing everything, remembering nothing 15 Down is a good place to go Could two live under the wild rose  ¶16 â€Å"perfect freedom of single necessity Answer her question in  ¶ #15; â€Å"Could two live that way? † No this is absurd, even irritating, to think we can give up our mental faculties perhaps this is the unity nature requires and to which we may strive but never reach Yes as partners or the child at the breast of the mother, friends stalkers, real lovers What does Dillard mean by equating freedom necessity in  ¶#16 she reverses (irony) our usual notion of freedom to choose ree is equated –ins tead– with instinctually free from thought, emotion, or conscience humans are slaves to ideas, the mind, the ideology of the group, fads wild animals are free even from death because they are true –tenacious– to their instincts The point is:marriage of necessity we need to treat nature as a partner, participant and even lover â€Å"This is yielding, not fighting† ( ¶16) Learn how to live! â€Å"Then even death†¦. can not you part. † ( ¶14-17) How to cite Living Like Weasels, Essay examples

Logo research Essay Example For Students

Logo research Essay Logo research This logo has not got a border around it, but it still looks Neatly presented. There is a bright colour used for the Font, which catches your attention. Aswell as a name Used there is also an image included in the logo. I Personally do not like the colour used for the font, as it Is too bright. This logo has a very dark background. The font used in this logo is curved and really thin. It is a really basic colour, which contrasts well with the background. It is neatly presented. I like the idea of the border around the logo, which keeps the name of the company in place. This logo is completely different from the other logos that I have chosen. There is different size fonts used which immediately attracts your view. The colours used are basic and plain, but it still makes the logo stand out due to the font. There is no border around the logo to keep it in place, which makes the logo look free. This logo is very bright. There are three colours used which are: red, white and yellow. The logo has a border which makes the logo stay together. Aswell as the name of the logo, there is also an image. The image is of a crisp, which probably advertises what the company is for. Logos Results for Final Idea I did a tally chart to see what logos people preferred. I asked a sum of 20 people to then see which logos caught their eye. The results are shown in the tally below: I have drawn up my results onto a graph as it makes it clearer to see. The results clearly shows, that logo 1 has grabbed most peoples attention. Therefore I have decided to use logo 1 as my final idea, due to the majority vote. My chosen Logo This logo will be put on the business cards and letterheads: This logo is very simple and eye catching, due to the sharp endings of the letters. The colours contrast well with eachother and will look good on the final product. It also looks very lively and wild, it looks very strong and not plain. It ties in well with the font. I chose to draw the in a lighter shade than the font; this is because I thought it really contrasts well with the font. I also made the font stand out rather than the, , this is because I want the customers to look at the name of the company rather than the . Research I used the Internet to go to ask and searched for logos on the search engine as shown below. I typed in www. ask. co. uk on the address bar. I typed in logos and pressed the icon ASK! This then enabled me to search for the phrase I was looking for. After I clicked on ask, it led me into further search engines for different websites. I then clicked on the specific website I was after, which then narrowed down my search. Research Once I clicked on ask it opened up this page: This page let me get into different web pages. It gave me a lot of options I could choose from. Research By clicking one of the web pages, I entered a website, which had the logo I was looking for. I took most of the logos from the ask website and took the same steps, this way I then got all the logos I wanted. Legal Issues and Implications Software copyright If you steal software or copy a software, without the persons permission, which owns the particular software, it is taken as a criminal offence. The law, Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1989, made this a criminal offence. Companies have a tendency to issue a licence to guarantee that software copies are made legal. Generally packaged licenses are available with whichever software you buy. .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .postImageUrl , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:hover , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:visited , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:active { border:0!important; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:active , .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976 .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u841511c1666bbf6561751dceb6a47976:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ozone Layer Solid Research EssayIt is certain that some companies also issue a particular number to type in whilst you establish your software. Businesses may hope to obtain numerous licenses to provide allowances for a range of users of the software, which would be available as a cheaper price. However it is possible to acquire a site licence, which basically means that anyone using a computer at a exact site can legally use a copy of the actual software, but still means that users cannot take copies of the software away form the site. Conversely the licence is only acceptable for computers used at the specified site. If you copy a software without purchasing a licence for your personal use it is known as software piracy. There are occasions where people copy and then sell the software to others. They might even issue a copy of the licence agreement. All these plagiarism software are against the law. To copy software, companies lose income, and softwares cost a lot of money to build up at first. Viruses A computer virus is a program which: can cause damage and wipe out crucial files on your computer system; attaches itself to another program or a file; can spread and be passed from file to file and computer to computer.

Bella Heath Care India Essay Example

Bella Heath Care India Essay Example Bella Heath Care India Essay Bella Heath Care India Essay 1. What capabilities and resources does a company need to develop new products? Which of these capabilities and resources does Bella India have? There are 4 competencies that a manufacturing company needs to successfully penetrate the market with new products. 1) Market Research Ability: a company needs to know in details about the market. The details include from the demand for specific function in a product, demand for specific service related to the product, to information about suppliers in the market. 2) High Quality: a company needs to insure high quality of the product in order to succeed in the market. In order to guarantee the level of quality in manufacturing industry, high level of technology reflected in manufacturing facilities and high quality of labor force in order to operate the facilities are crucial. Technology Labor force 3) Low Cost: a company needs ability to produce a new product with lower cost compared to its competitors. 4) Organizational Structure: a company requires right form of organizational structure depending on its industry and external environment. With an appropriate match between structure and environment, the company’s internal communication and decision making process would work effectively. Among those 4 competencies, what Bella India has towards Indian market is as follows: Market Research Ability, High Quality, Organizational Structure. 1) Market Research Ability: Bella Healthcare has extensive channel to access information of market in both the U.S. and India. This allowed Bella Healthcare to have plenty of information about suppliers in both the U.S. and India, and to point out the local demand towards A/S. 2) High Quality Technology: Since its inception in 1969, Bella Health Care has accumulated its technology reflected in its plant in St. Louis. Moreover, since 1990s, Bella Health Care India has also showed high level of technology proficiency. Labor Force: A number of engineers are with full background technological knowledge, but at the same time requires much less wage. 3) Organizational Structure: Bella Health Care has independent structure. This enables Bella India to make important decisions by itself not being interfered by HQ in the US. Bella India has its own authority in project building, manufacturing, and staffing which makes the company react swiftly and localize easily. Also, Bella India has a flat culture so engineers can participate in decision making process. It has encouraged Bella India to be well-communicating organization with constant innovation. However, when it comes to projects that require intimate cooperation with HQ, such as Project Baton, this structure may hinder communication between the HQ and the division. 2. Why did Project Baton fail? Project Baton, the first joint product development by St. Louis-based team and Bella India team, has cancelled. Below are 3 possible reasons of the failure of this project. 1) Communication Problems Cultural difference:  As the two teams had different cultural context, they misunderstand each other even though they have not had problems with their co-workers before. Even though they can speak in the same language (in this context, Bella India team would speak English), there is possibility that the words or phrases have different meaning. Also, the same behavior or attitude could be regard as suitable and polite in some cultural group, while it is rude in other group. For instance, in this case, a-few-minute late for a conference call or missing deadline could be trivial for Bella India team but it could be serious problem for the St. Louis supervisor because they are in different cultural context. Far distance between two project teams made communication difficult Both team felt frustrated to have late-night conference calls and to go on a business trip because they need to do extra work. Sudden vacancy in project manager position in St. Louis. Unexpected Departure in this position lasts several weeks and it would make two project teams to communicate more slowly and less effectively. Conflicts in priority between design engineers and manufacturing Bella India team focused on designing for manufacturing most, while St. Louis-based team took care of developing the best, most commercially viable functionality. It seems they had difficulties in making settlement because they mostly care about their own responsibility, not about working closely. 2) Technical problems Bella run into difficulty with operations making a new product. When they made prototype of project Baton, amplifier did not work well. Actually, Baton was not that high-tech project, because it was application of EKG with treadmill. Developers had a strength to make cost lower, but did not have ability making application within certain time deadline. 3) Sourcing issues. Bella expected vital part such as microcontroller to be outsourced in Asia, but they had to brought it from US costly since Asian benders delayed the delivery. They failed cost control because of unqualified benders. Without second plan or diversified benders, new process can easily face such problem. At last, product which consumes 30% higher cost than initial expected value makes Bella give up the project Baton in 2007. 3. Should Bella India take on Project TKO and develop an Bella Healthcare specifically for the local market? Why or why not? 1) Internal aspects Bella healthcare has its’ own mission   Bella health care usually sells 12 channel devices which provide accurate diagnosis of disease. In developing countries, sometimes they face with resource constraints, such as power failure or lack of doctors. So Bella healthcare develop simplified version of device, TKO. Most of the techniques are already existed and used in Bella health care. They can get higher profit by using little bit modified devices They learn from last fail. Using experience learned from ‘Project Bacon’, they can make a great success in this project. In Baton project, Bella health care in India and its’ headquarter develop a new product together. However they have a communication problem and it ruins the project. In TKO project, Mr. Manning made a task force team, so they can control the project by themselves. Also, they already experience a problem in outsourcing procedure, so they can handle potential problem more easily about outsourcing issue. And last, they have a technical ability to build the one motor model which was not done at the previous project. 2) External Aspects India is big and continuously growing market India has large Population, and their economy is growing. Also the professional says that patients of CAD will increases in a large number. Asian smokes a lot, and they get stressed, so they are likely to get CAD. However the number of doctors and facilities are very small, and most of them are located in the city. Though by they need a device easy to control and diagnose market prospects has green color. Market size of single-channel is biggest among others market. According to the chart, sales amount of single-channel is 19,825. Considering total amounts of EKG market in India is about 31,000 units, single-channel has a value. Not big in this time, but strong competitors exist. The second external issue is market share. In single-channel market, dominant company is BPL Health, local brand, who has 56% of market. Except BPL Health, there is no strong market leader. Most of them have only 5%, or lower than 5%. GE, most significant competitor, also shows only 4% in this market. Include BPL most of local companies and Asian companies are not a serious problem. Because they don’t catch market needs like aftersales service or product innovation, so they will wipe out natural. But GE is not, Golden lush to single-channel is just starting. Until now, GE focused on high channel market like 3-chaanel or 6-channel market, and ran in to single-channel market recently. But GE has been worked faster than Bella Healthcare definitely. In contrast Bella Healthcare, Bella Healthcare just starts on preparing about single-channel market, GE already participates in these market. And the CEO of GE Healthcare in South Asia set a goal that is big growth in India market within next 2-3years. Other competitive companies like Medi Ved and Perfint Healthcare continuously produce a new model for India market. Although not involved yet, Philips is also a powerful potential rival. They have a 29% market share in 6/12-channel market already. 3) Suggestion Most of internal and external environments shows positive situation, considering circumstances single-channel market is very attractive. But the issue about competition is the reason of hesitation. To solve this problem, they should propel Project TKO to make special product for India market. Then how they can be success in this harsh race? There are two tracks; the first one is be a market leader by their own special function. And the second one is be a fast follower. First strategy Estimated specifications of Bella Healthcare’s new product are not special compare with other competitors that, easy-to-use interface, low weight, high efficiency. But the one thing is different, mobile connectivity. India has a ridiculously little number of medical doctors and terrible accessibility on medical service. 6 physicians per 10,000 people exist. This figure is lower than 1/20 number of UK and almost 1/100 number of USA. Mobile connectivity can help this problem. Through Bella Healthcare’s new product will be able to get a medical service to remote area. If it is possible that patients condition that diagnosis by machine, sends to physician and receive prescribed via mobile, relatively large number of patients can be provided medical service without seeing a specialist directly. But, it can be possible when 1) the technology that can be equipped with wireless capabilities should be exist, 2) they supported by the local telecommunications infrastructure, and 3) add wireless capabilities not make a result the loss of product competitive price. After reviewing the situation, if possible, to do this immediately to become the market leader, it is the first strategy. Second strateg However, if the situation occur like add wireless capabilities is impossible, the lack of telecommunications infrastructure or add wireless capabilities lead to the loss of price competitiveness, the first strategy is to give up quickly. Instead, Bella Healthcare can take Me too strategy by quickly chasing GEs market-leading, and seek s getting a firm second rank in the market. Asian – Pacific market shows fast growth rate about 9-12% per year, because of that ‘Me too’ strategy will be enough to take profits. In addition, this strategy saves RD expense lather then first strategy, so it can ensure price competition.

A Brief Overview and Description of Geography

A Brief Overview and Description of Geography The science of geography is likely the oldest of all sciences. Geography is the answer to the question that the earliest humans asked, Whats over there? Exploration and the discovery of new places, new cultures, and new ideas have always been basic components of geography. Thus, geography is often called the mother of all sciences as studying other people and other places led to other scientific fields such as biology, anthropology, geology, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, among others. (See other Definitions of Geography) What Does the Word Geography Mean? The word geography was invented by the ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes and literally means writing about the earth. The word can be divided into two parts - ge and graphy. Ge means the Earth and graphy refers to writing. Of course, geography today means much more than writing about the Earth but its a difficult discipline to define. Many geographers have done their best to define geography but a typical dictionary definition today reads, The science of the Earths physical features, resources, climate, population, etc. Divisions of Geography Today, geography is commonly divided into two major branches - cultural geography (also called human geography) and physical geography. Cultural geography is the branch of geography dealing with human culture and its impact on the Earth. Cultural geographers study languages, religion, foods, building styles, urban areas, agriculture, transportation systems, politics, economies, population and demographics, and more. Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing with the natural features of the Earth, the home of humans. Physical geography looks at the water, air, animals, and land of the planet Earth (i.e. everything that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere). Physical geography is closely related to geographys sister science - geology - but physical geography focuses more on the landscapes at the surface of the Earth and not what is inside our planet. Other key areas of geography include regional geography (which involves the in-depth study and knowledge of a particular region and its cultural as well as its physical characteristics) and geographic technologies like GIS (geographic information systems) and GPS (global positioning system). An important system for dividing the subject of geography is known as the Four Traditions of Geography. History of Geography The history of geography as a scientific discipline can be traced back to the Greek scholar Eratosthenes. It was further developed in the modern era by Alexander von Humboldt and from there, you can trace the history of geography in the United States. Also, see the Timeline of Geographic History. Studying Geography Since the late 1980s, when the subject of geography was not well-taught throughout the United States, there has been a revival in geographic education. Thus, today many primary, secondary, and university students are choosing to learn more about geography. There are many resources online available to learn about studying geography, including one article about earning a college degree in geography. While at the university, be sure to explore career opportunities through internships in geography. Great Studying Geography Resources: Branches of GeographyCapitals of Every CountryGeography GlossaryQuestions and Answers About GeographyGeography Facts, Lists, and TriviaMaps and Geographical Information About Every Country (including blank outline maps)Top 10 Reasons to Study Geography (Humor) Careers in Geography Once you start studying geography, youll want to look into various careers in geography so dont miss this article specifically about Jobs in Geography. Joining a geographic organization is also helpful as you pursue a geographic career.

Critically analyse the concepts of mentorship, supervision and Essay

Critically analyse the concepts of mentorship, supervision and assessment and their role in inflencing the quality of the learning environment in clinical pract - Essay Example plenty of definitions including some handy, sound-bite sized ones that range from the spiritual and almost purply poetic picture of mentors as leading us along the journey of our lives (Kinney Marguerite Rogers, Donna R. Packa, and Sandra B. Dunbar 1993, 89-96). We trust them because they have been there before. They embody our hopes, cast light on the way ahead, interpret arcane signs, warn us of lurking dangers, and point out unexpected delights along the way. Mentoring is a process that increasingly used in management development and the skills and techniques learned on the management development programme are put into practice through the support and help of an experienced manager back in the workplace (Allery, L. A., Owen, P. A., & Robling, M. R. 1997, 870-4). Learning environment did occur most frequently when the supervisor kept an equidistant position. This position is not only an open, non-judgemental, non-competitive attitude, but also includes the keeping of a continuous and stable focus on the RNs reconstruction of his interaction with the patient: in other words, viewing the nurse-patient interaction as a "system" with its own boundaries and frame. The patient can discover new material in the object as the analyst fails largely or completely to meet the patients expectations in certain areas-particularly the area of difficulties--which have previously always been fulfilled by virtue of unconscious steering mechanisms. Similarly, dynamic factors that frequently stimulate conflicts seem always to be present in the supervisory system and influence the learning process. Nevertheless, it is possible and desirable to maintain the frame and boundaries around both the patient-analyst and the candidate-supervisor systems. In most large hospitals there are orientation programs for employees, with instruction in hospital organization, policies and procedures. These learning and orientation is sometimes further informal instruction on the practical aspects of

School Budgeting Processes Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School Budgeting Processes - Coursework Example For this reason, I would like to state that the District Superintendent of Schools and the School Management Boards should provide school principals with the following information about the budgeting process for their respective schools: Â  One of the most important lessons that each public school principal should have is the entire budgeting process. Therefore, the first thing that the District School Superintendent and boards of education should tell the school principals is about the type of budgeting strategy to be adopted in the school district. Having such information will definitely enable these school administrators to know the contributions which, as school administrators, they should be made towards a successful planning, drafting, and implementation of the school budget. Without a proper knowledge of this area, nothing much can be achieved so far. Â  However, given that the budgeting process is being devolved to the school levels, the District School Superintendent should adequately inform school principals about the on-site budgeting process. They should be told everything about this new approach and be challenged to take the initiatives to budget for their own schools. As school administrators, the principals should be informed that it is their responsibility to coordinate with the office of the school bursar in order to make the necessary budget approximations during each financial year. Once they get such important information, they will take the necessary steps to lobby their teams so as to initiate the budget-making exercise after thoroughly considering all the sources of school revenues and identifying the most necessary areas to spend on. Â  After informing the school principals that it is their mandate to oversee the success of on-site budgeting process in their respective schools, they should be challenged to be team players (Colander, 2007).

Histort Essay on Globalization Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Histort on Globalization - Essay Example The Internet has made products more accessible to people all around the world and corporations are willing to dip their hands in the pockets of other countries. Globalization is basically an effort for a business to provide a product on a multinational effort in search for profit from wherever they can possibly get it, even if that includes having products manufactured for little cost overseas. This then has resulted in a lack of jobs in the United States due to globalization and has ultimately led to an economic downward spiral. Corporations thrive on the globalization of their business, able to make millions and offer their goods to developing companies. Occupy Wall Street is an anti-globalization group that currently protests shipping jobs overseas and keep the work here in the United States. It ks a movement designed to completely protest globalization because they expect for economic movements to stay local within our own government here in the United States. The western worlds currently dominate the majority of the world's economy and the United Nations plays a huge role when it comes to globalization. The United States plays a huge part in the United Nations due to the country being a giant in the corporate and developing realms of business. Alternately, globalization is also impacted on by embargoes that are set up in other parts of the world that can otherwise effect the rest of the world that are unable to trade goods. The economy as a whole is deeply affected in a negative way, particularly in the United States while there is a huge economic crisis going on. The value of a dollar is going down and will also affect other areas in the world and exchange rates which then also effects People on the political left have the tendency to want change while the people on the right wing do not want change. Conflicting visions are typically the topic of most political issues. Globalization is just another means for conflict in politics. It also results in a stru ggle between states. Some states have different resources to offer than others so globalization can effect the local economy as well as the overall national economy. The current Obama administration has the same policy that was passed from the Bush administration. Obama's stimulus package also plays a huge role in globalization not just in the United States, but also in other parts of the world because many other countries rely on the United States. Though it appears that Obama has tried to impact the economy, when looking at the bigger picture, there are still major issues in the United States that lead to unemployment, the middle class is the suffering class, and therefore contributing to the issue of globalization. It may have been a gesture of collective action but it was not quite effective enough or at least Americans are still feeling the burn of globalization's effects. The lack of jobs seems to be the largest sour idea when it comes to globalization, from the perspective of an American. Corporations not only are making money off of high priced items, but are shipping their jobs overseas to be performed at extremely low costs. Additionally, globalization is changing the world. Change does not just make the United States uneasy, but people in other economies do not know what to expect either. As a giant powerhouse of a country, many of the moves of other countries are impacted by the decisions of the United States. 2. The United States is struggling from economic recession and though it is the

Legal Aspects of Project Management

Legal Aspects of Project Management 1. Introduction to the contract law Law of contract: The law of contract is the study of legal principles which underlie all contracts; it is not concerned with particular types of contracts and their specialized rules (Koffman and Macdonald 2001). What contract laws do? This can be briefly explained as follows: Agreement is formed between two parties, when some disputes between the parties arise over the agreement, then one or both parties’ initiates the judicial process. Then the judicial applies the rules of the contract law like first they check with the formation and vitiation of the project and adds on the identification and interpretation of the express terms in the contract and check for the terms included in the contract, from that all they subtract the invalid expressions and terms and finally they look for the remedies of breach and gives the result. Though the contract law basically stands on the basics of the agreement of the parties, the result is completely based on the process of judicial application of the contract law. Purpose of contract law: Butterworths states that contract law has many â€Å"purposes†, but the central one is to support and to control the million of agreements that collectively make up the â€Å"market economy†. (Turner C 2006) Based on the knowledge of law of contract, Legal advice will be given to the two cases in the assignment. Firstly, Nancy and Andy case, Andy is advised whether Andy is eligible to clam the reward  £3000 announced by Nancy for safe return of her dog, which Nancy has refused to give to Andy even after safe return of her dog saying she have never made that offer to him as a individual. Then in Finewines Ltd case, where the company could not fulfill all the customers, supplying there orders, as they don’t hold sufficient stock and Adam is advised whether the disappointed customers might have a valid claim against their company. 2. Nancy v Andy Case 2.1. Brief introduction of the case. Nancy owns a pet dog called Rombo one day she find it missing, then she placed an advertisement in the journal stating â€Å"MISSING DOG, OFFER OF REWARD† and she also stated that â€Å" I am offering  £3000 for its safe return†. Looking at the advertisement one person named Andy remembered that he saw the similar dog roaming in the nearby park and the next day he caught the dog and returned the dog to Nancy and remembered her about the offer she mentioned in the advertisement, in reply to that she said â€Å"stop being so silly, Andy! I have never made the offer to you as an individual† and said him to leave the house. Andy has to be advised whether he is entitled to  £3000 reward. 2.2. Legal issues arising in the case The main legal issue in the case is, whether Nancy is subjected to contract with Andy to pay him  £3000. In order to solve the above legal issue we have to checkout the main elements of the contract in the case. Let the elements we are mainly going consider be offer, acceptance and intention to be legally bound. 2.3. Legal research related to the case. Contract: â€Å"A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bounded in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum† ( Turner C 2006), The person who places the offer is known as offeror and the person who accept the offer is an offeree. We have two different trems to be known, they are offer and acceptance(accept). This are the two main elements in a contract. One way of classifying contracts is according to whether they are ‘bilateral’ or ‘unilateral’. Bilateral contract: In bilateral contract a promise by one party is exchanged for the promise of the other party (Duxbury R 1997). Where the both parties are bind to the contract. Unilateral contract: In unilateral contract one party promise to do something in return for the act of the other party, the act is defined by the party makes the promise (Duxbury R 1997). From the above definition we know that the case we are dealing (Nancy Andy) may comes under unilateral contract. Nancy is the party who sets the contract, by makes the promise of offering  £3000 for the safe return of the dog. Here safe return of the dog is the act set by Nancy. Offer: An offer is a legal commitment, a proposal which invites, indeed presupposes, eventual acceptance. (David Oughton Martin Davis 1997). The person who sets the offer is known as offeror and the person who accepts to the offer is known as offeree. Offer may be addressed to one particular person, a group of people or the world at large, as in an offer of a reward (Duxbury R1997). In this case the advertisement made by Nancy can be considered as an offer and Nancy as an offeror and Nady is the offeree, the offer is an offer of reward which is addressed to the world at large. Acceptance: Acceptance may be defined as an unconditional assent, communicated by the offeree to the offeror, to all terms of the offer, made with the intention of accepting (Duxbury R 1997). Acceptance in unilateral contract: Acceptance of a unilateral offer need not be communicated, because performance is the same as acceptance (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.(1893) 1 Q.B 256 Turner C 2006). Intention to be legally bounded: The court have recognized that some agreements, by there nature, are not intended to be legally binding (Duxbury R 1997). The agreement does not become a binding contract unless the parties have shown, expressly or by implication, that they intended to create legal relations: Rose and Frank v. Crompton Bros Ltd.[1923]. (W T Major 1993). Lindley LJ relating to the case Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[1893] 1 Q.B 256 says that we have to first consider whether the advertisement was intended to be a promise at all, or whether it was a mere puff which meant nothing. His answer for the question â€Å"was it a mere puff?† was No, he has made his answer upon the passage in the advertisement â€Å" £1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, shewing our sincerity in the matter† where this statement clearly their promise (Burrows A 2007). The same question arises that whether really Nancy has given that advertisement to create a legal relation. The statement in the advertisement does not really promise that Nancy will be surely paying the reward to the person who brings her dog safe to her. In advertisements the court will look for the intention of the offeror in making the advertisement. As in the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[1893] 1 Q.B 256. Therefore in this case, the reward Nancy has mentioned in her advertisement is â€Å"mere puff† and is not intended to form the basis of a binging contract (Duxburg R 1997). 2.4 Summary of the legal research. All the basic elements of the contract have not fulfilled to bind a contract. The offer made is not bind to the intention to be legally bounded and its mere puff. So a binding contract is not formed. 2.5 Legal advice to Andy The advertisement given by Nancy in the newspaper is an offer of reward which is opened to the world which is a unilateral offer and the sentences of the offer are so vague as they do not mention about for how long is the offer is and there is no promise made regarding the reward. In the case of unilateral offer the acceptance is considered when the person starts the work as mentioned in the offer and there is no need to be any communication between the offeror and the offeree (in this case Nancy and Andy respectively). Thus acceptance has occurred when Andy started to search the missing dog of Nancy. Then when it comes to the reward in the advertisement Nancy had not made any promise that she will be giving the reward amount of  £3000in the advertisement. So Nancy really does not intend to be legally bonded. Though Andy performed according to the offer it has got no value. Thus a full binding contract is not formed between Nancy and Andy so Andy does not have any valid clam against Nancy to clam for the reward. 3. Finewines Ltd Case 3.1. Brief introduction of the case Finewines Ltd is an importer and distributor of fine wines, based in Sunderland, as a part of there sales strategy had distributed their monthly catalogue containing a list of wines and there prices to there customers. One among the list was White Australian wine for  £75 per case. Looking at their catalogue ten of their customers had ordered for 100 cases of White Australian wine each, then Finewines Ltd realised that they do not hold that amount of stock to fulfil all the customers, all they have is only 500 cases of that White Australian wine as they did not excepted that sort of response that month and it had never occurred earlier and the general manager Adam want to know whether the disappointed customers hold any valid clam against them. 3.2. Legal issues rising in the case The main issue is the whether the customers of Finewines Ltd have a valid claim against them. To solve the above issue we have to find whether the catalogues sent to the customers by Finewines Ltd is on offer or invitation to treaty. 3.3 legal research related to the case. Distinguish between offer and Invitation to treaty: An offer is an statement or expression of willingness to contract for certain terms, where it requires only an acceptance to form a binding agreement and it must be distinguished from all other statements which are made in the course of negotiation in forming a contract: only a offer has a capability to transfer in to an contract. The most common statements that have to be distinguished from offer are an invitation to treaty. The technical definition for invitation to treaty is the statements indicating the maker’s willingness to receive offer (T A Dwones 1997). In this case the Finewines Ltd. company have sent their customers a catalogue which contains a list of wines and there price. The is no statement which is as define in the above sentence for an offer, so there is no statement of offer which could imeditally convert in to an contract, therefore it can be merely an invitation to treaty. Finewines Ltd sent the catalogue as their sales strategy to customers to receive offer from the customers. This is supported by Grainger Sons v Gough [1896] AC 325. In the context of the distributed prise list which is similar to the distribution of the catalogues by Finewines Ltd, Lord Herschell said that the point was made that the supplier will not want to become bound to sale more of a particular item he can supply, which could occur in the prise list (or advertisement) was considered as an offer (Rowland D Macdonald E 2005). Second, relating to the order placed by the customers of Finewines Ltd, in a similar case of invitation to treaty which is the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401, where the goods displayed is considered as invitation to treaty and Lord Goddard CJ’s decision states that the display was not an offer, where it was the customer who was making an offer to buy (Burrows A 2007). Similarly in this case the catalogue is not an offer and the order from the customer is the offer now it’s to the Finewines Ltd to accept the offer from the customers. 3.4 Summary of the legal research The catalogue containing the price list of the wines does not form an offer, it’s an invitation to treaty and the orders from the customers based on that catalogue are the offers. 3.5 Legal advice to Adam Finewines Ltd, an importers and distributor of fine wines has distributed their monthly catalogue containing the list of wines and their prices to their customers as their sales strategy, which is an invitation to treaty from the Finewines Ltd and the orders from the customers are the offers and it’s the Finewines Ltd to accept the offer that they can do as per the company norms if they have such as first come first serve, last come first serve etc., thus an contract is not formed in between the customers and the company till now so the disappointed customers do not hold any valid clam against Finewines Ltd. References Koffman and Macdonald (2001). The Law Of Contract. 4th ed. Surrey: Tolley. Mindy Chen-Wishart (2005). Contract Law. Oxford: Oxford. Chris Turner (2006). Unlocking Contract Law 2nd ed. London: Hodder Educations. Robert Duxbury (1997). Contract In Nutshells 4th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell. David Oughton and Martin Davis (2000). Source Book on Contract Law 2nd ed. London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd. T A Dwones (1997). Text book on contract. 5th ed. London: Black Stone Press Ltd. Chris Turner (2006). Contract Law 2nd. London: Hodder Educations. Andrew Burrows (2007). A case book on contract. Oxford: Hart Publications. Diane Rowland, Elizabeth Macdonald (2005). Information Technology Law. (http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=-VtTiR8niBECpg=RA10-PA273lpg=RA10-A273dq=grainger +%26+ sons+v+gough+1896+ac+325source=webots=6zk75i6NHksig=JfG3JbLF9eWRFibj-iDWS8fgE4Yhl=en) Table of cases Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[1893] 1 Q.B 256 Rose and Frank v. Crompton Bros.[1923] Grainger Sons v Gough [1896] AC 325 7 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401, 7

Les Miserables - Reconciliation between a Man and Himself Essay

Les Miserables - Reconciliation between a Man and Himself The ending of the Victor Hugo novel, Les Miserables, contains a reconciliation between a man and himself, and his family. This is, in many ways, the entire purpose of the book. Goodness or saintliness can be achieved,   despite difficult or unwholesome beginnings. This theme is an enduring one, because of both its truth and its presentation. Fay Weldon may as well have been   describing Les Miserables when she said "The writer, I do believe, who get the best and most lasting response from readers are the writers who offer happy endings   through moral development .... some kind of spiritual reassessment or moral   reconciliation, even with the self, even at death."   The hero Jean Valjean undergoes quite the transformation throughout the   course of his story. He begins as a criminal and convict with absolutely no scruples. A kindly prelate forgives him after a theft, and simply turns the other cheek. This act of unexpected generosity inspires Valjean...

Communism and Democratic Capitalism

1. From a Christian perspective, why did Marxist Communism fail? The government has too much power of constrains people. Trying to force people and form them to change is not right and does not work in the long run. To give any one party too much power is a bad idea. We are all human and prone to sin. The government needs to help the people and work for the people not rule them. 2. Which is a more Christian form of government, democratic capitalism or democratic socialism? That is a tricky question, and I believe the answer lies somewhere in between the two.The struggle is to regulate but not over regulate the people. People are greedy and in capitalist economy will not give to the poor. That’s were socialism looks better, but then the government is to power full and human nature can affect the government just as it can a civilian. I believe my vote goes for democratic capitalism with less government and a competitive market. 3. What functions does government have to undertake because of fallen human nature? The government has to protect society from itself so to speak.The government becomes responsible for creating laws to protect rights and property. They also become responsible for enforcing these laws and protecting people from others who may steal their things. The government also has to be responsible to take care of the environment since people fail to do it on their own. Another thing I see the government doing is taking care of people who can’t devise the means to take care of themselves. 4. Should Christians concern themselves with the regulatory activities of government? If so, what areas of regulation are most significant?Yes I do believe Christians should concern themselves with regulatory activities. The major one would be discrimination. There needs to be very strict laws guarding against regulation. All of god’s children are created equal and all should be treated fairly and given the basic tenants of life. Also everyone abl e should be able to work and have to opportunity to support themselves and contribute to society. Another regulation that needs to be of concern to Christians is over regulation. Over regulation can lead to many deceitful and bad things when abused by greedy individuals and government.

Essay on Module 3 2014 2015

Essay on Module 3 2014 2015 Essay on Module 3 2014 2015 ADVANCED MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING MA2 MODULE 3 Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3.1 Risk environment and types of risk 3.2 Levels of risk management 3.3 Evaluating risk 3.4 Techniques for mitigating risk 3.5 Case analysis: Entropic Communications, Inc. Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario 3.1-1 RISK ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES OF RISK ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Risk is the probability that a negative outcome will occur. All organizations face risk. In many instances, it cannot be avoided, but it can be mitigated. The COSO framework is used by organizations as an enterprise risk management tool for dealing with risk. In this topic, the framework is used to describe the risk environment. The COSO (the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations) cube has three dimensions: 1. Four key categories used to classify entity objectives ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Strategic goals: High-level goals that support the mission Operational objectives: Effective and efficient operations Reporting objectives: Reliability of financial reporting Compliance objectives: Compliance with applicable laws and regulations Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario 3.1-2 RISK ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES OF RISK 2. Eight components of enterprise risk management (ERM) ï‚ § Internal environment - The internal environment encompasses the tone of an organization. It sets the basis for how risk is viewed and addressed by an entity’s people, including risk management philosophy and risk appetite, integrity and ethical values, and the environment in which they operate. ï‚ § Objective setting - Objectives must exist before management can identify potential events affecting their achievement. Enterprise risk management ensures that management has in a process in place to set objectives. It also ensures that the chosen objectives support and align with the entity’s mission and are consistent with its risk appetite. ï‚ § Event identification - Internal and external events affecting achievement of an entity’s objectives must be identified, distinguishing between risks and opportunities. Opportunities are channeled back to management’s strategy or objective-setting processes. Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario 3.1-3 RISK ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES OF RISK ï‚ § Risk assessment - Risks are analyzed, considering likelihood and impact as a basis for determining how they should be managed. ï‚ § Risk response - Management selects risk responses – developing a set of actions to align risks with the entity’s risk tolerances and risk appetite. ï‚ § Control activities - Policies and procedures are established and implemented to help ensure the risk responses are effectively carried out. ï‚ § Information and communication - Relevant information is identified, captured, and communicated in a form and timeframe that enable people to carry out their responsibilities. Effective communication also occurs in a broader sense, flowing down, across, and up the entity. ï‚ § Monitoring - The entire process of enterprise risk management is monitored and modifications made as necessary. Monitoring is accomplished through ongoing management activities, separate evaluations, or both. Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario 3.1-4 RISK ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES OF RISK 3. The third dimension represents the business/ operational units of the organization – entity-level, division, business unit, and subsidiary ï‚ §As a whole, the ERM components focus on identifying, assessing, and controlling risk. Copyright 2014 by the Certified General Accountants of Ontario 3.1-5 RISK ENVIRONMENT AND TYPES OF RISK ï‚ § Part of the process of managing risk is to assess its likelihood and impact. The types of risks an organization faces can be divided into four categories: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Hazard risk - The possibility that an event will cause harm to an individual (by the organization) or that harm is done to the organization. Hazard risks

1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example

1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example 1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Paper 1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Paper The next set of lines state to the reader that the flavour of the cigarettes is unfiltered but the cigarette does have a filter The use of juxtaposing words makes the readers think twice at first. The initial part of the phrase writes that the cigarette has a filter, which is good for the health of the consumers. The second part tells the reader that even though it has got a filter the flavour of the cigarette or the experience of smoking one is unfiltered, suggesting it is undiluted, which makes it even better than the first part of the phrase.Hence, both parts of the sentence are positive and combine to make one encouraging phrase. The box of cigarettes is what stands out the most in the whole advertisement, since it is in red and it is up front. The box is open for the possible consumers to see the new type of cigarettes and convince themselves that the cigarettes are almost alike. There are three visible cigarettes in the advert, but only one is raised enough to be taken; this makes the reader eager to take one, increasing the chances of readers buying a pack of cigarettes.In addition, the only colour other than black and white is red. This colour links in the head of consumers reading the advert with the pack of cigarettes of the Marlboro brand. Almost at the bottom of the advertisement, below the box of cigarettes the advertisement reads: You got a lot to like- Filter, Flavour, Pack or Box. The advert is telling the reader that both the unfiltered flavour and the filter inside the cigarette complement to make it irresistible to them.Good for their health with the same taste they already love. Plus, they sell them in a pack, for space and weight convenience since its lighter and smaller, or, in a box for men in heavy-duty jobs that carry their cigarettes in their pockets all day. This line is stating all the good things about these cigarettes and it gives no choice to the consumer but to think that the Marlboro cigarettes are the best in every possible way.In addition, the omission of the health warning is beneficial since readers will not even remember all the consequences of smoking. This idea of health precautions is also removed by the impression of the filter eliminating all bad things from the body and men convinced that also they can smoke filtered cigarettes. Also, at the very bottom it is clear that cigarette companies like Marlboro can support and promote sports, which again links with the idea of cigarettes not having any side effects.In conclusion, the advertisement uses various techniques to contribute to the effectiveness of the message that is sent across to every potential consumer. Every advertisement of the Marlboro brand uses a common technique of language and image to persuade the reader to buy their cigarettes, but this one in particular uses some language and visual techniques that enhance both messages in the advertisement.

Theory for Film Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory for Film Practice - Essay Example Film form is thought to be the overall system of particular relations that can be found among the film’s elements. While all of them are classified either as narrative or stylistic, in this paper I will focus on the latter. To stylistic elements, mise en scene, editing, cinematography, and sound are referred (Keuthan). When the sound was introduced to the silent cinema back in 1927, its integration became the subject of hot debate ranging from passionate approval to criticism expressed by film critics of the time. Indeed, as Dale observes, â€Å"sound invasion in the cinema brought about many crises†, so that the techniques used to produce silent films were subject to complete revision (Dale 637). In the centre of the continuous debate was the role and necessity of sound, if it was thought necessary at all. While the public immediately fell in love with the sound film, a lot of film directors, aestheticians and many film critics argued that integration of sound in the f ilm â€Å"was a disaster that would destroy the cinema as a unique art form† (Fabe 59). Opposing the views expressed by the early sound theorists that sound creates obstacles to better conveying the film’s message, this paper contends that sound is crucial to conveying the film’s message through imagery. Let us first discuss the arguments by the early sound theorists against the integration of the spoken word into the cinema. In particular, the aesthetic disadvantages of the new technology need to be observed. Having done this, I will focus on pro-sound arguments developed by another set of film theorists at that time, as well as make references to the contemporary theory of film sound. One of the most passionate anti-sound theorists was Bela Balasz. He contended that the primacy of image ensures deep communicative force of the film. Since speech is far less expressive than the body language that accompanies it, the integration of the spoken word into the cinema would lead to audience’s desensitizing. To illustrate, Balasz said, â€Å"The silent film is free of the isolating walls of language difference. If we look at and understand each other’s faces and gestures, we not only understand, we also learn to feel each other’s emotions† (Balasz as quoted in Fabe 60). Similarly, the film theoretician and historian of art Rudolph Arnheim argued against the inclusion of literal voices into film supporting his argument with the claim that images themselves speak. Moreover, Arhnheim not only advocated the anti-sound position, he called for the silent film’s return. Close analysis of Arnheim’s views helps to understand the essence of most radical anti-sound views in the film theory. In his well-known essay â€Å"A New Laocoon: Artistic Composites and the Talking Film† written back in 1938, Arhneim discusses the irrelevance of spoken word in a film. One of his arguments is that the use of sound at the then level of technological development created to the feeling of uneasiness caused by the fact the attention of the audience was torn in two opposite directions. Specifically, Arnheim contends that in a film two different media are struggling with each other to express one thing rather than exerting a united effort and capture the message. The coincidence of these fighting voices results in violation of aesthetic laws by films with sound, as Arnheim posits it (Arnheim 164). Partially sharing Arnheim’s critical views on the use of spoken word in

Financial System and Intermediaries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial System and Intermediaries - Assignment Example This role is performed by intermediaries by taking the advantage of economies of scale while markets do the same by facilitating offer and trade of assets that comprise investors’ portfolios (Gup, 2011, Pg. 11) Financial intermediaries are the financial institutions such as banks, building societies, investment banks pension funds or insurance companies. Financial intermediaries include insurance companies that offer risk investment, financial advisers who offer specialist advice saving the investor costs and time in looking for the most suitable investment. Credit unions provide facilities for depositing and lending within a certain community and investment trusts or mutual funds that pool small savings of individual investors to enable a bigger investment trust. They enable small investors to enjoy smaller commission rates that are available on big purchases (Allen and Gale, 2001, Pg. 501). Commercial banks are intermediaries that issue among others savings account deposits. With a 100 000, the investor can open a savings account that will earn interest annually. They carry interest payments and offer time deposits. In this case, interests are earned with fixed terms to maturity (Gup, 2011, Pg. 47). Mutual funds raise funds through the sales of shares to individuals as well as institutions. The shares are pooled to buy a diversified portfolio of bonds, stocks or both. A mutual fund intermediary may keep some of the cash for other investment opportunities that may come up in the future (Gup, 2011, Pg. 82). An investor may also require an adviser as a financial intermediary to help in making the right choice of institution to invest with. Advisers spare investors time and resources that may be spent in the process of looking for a suitable investment bank, firm or institution (Gup, 2011, Pg 87). There are numerous banks in the UK that offer financial services to people all over the world. Barclays bank is

Surgical Sites Infection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surgical Sites Infection - Research Paper Example Surgical infections were a very common eventuality from the early 19th Century. Evidently, the sheer magnitude of the risk imposed by SSIs to both the medical practitioners and, in particular, patients cannot be overlooked. Its impact on the healthcare system is truly innate-costs, mortality, and morbidity. In the year 1992, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) renamed all infections related to operation procedures from surgical wound infections to surgical site infections for a wider coverage and more accurate representation of related infections. The close relationship between healthcare practice, mortality, morbidity, and the cost element associated with the aforementioned shall constitute the crux of the case for greater innovation for effective SSIs management. It is possible that majority of SSIs are preventable. To this end several bodies are tasked with the responsibilities of policy formulation (guidelines and recommendations) that are aimed towards largely preventing and co ntrolling surgical site infections by all healthcare professionals. Although there has been much improvements in surgical site infections prevention, hospital acquired infections continue to increase globally (Alvarado, 2000). Most contamination by SSIs occurs through contamination of the incision by microorganisms from the body of the patient during surgery. Consequently it is prudent that in light of this mechanism of infection that substantial reduction of SSI infections can be undertaken in essentially one of three stages: Pre-operation phase, intra-operation phase, and post-operation phase. In the pre-operation phase, I observe how surgical practices influence patient-infection right before undergoing the surgical procedure itself. The larger working area in surgical operations is the skin. Various types of bacteria inhabit the skin with up to 50% being staphylococcus. The primary source of wound infection during surgical operation has been found to be the skin. Evidence from a research done on the effects of body disinfection on intra-operation wound infection shows that by washing the skin where the incision is to be made with a pre-operation wash having chlorhexidine reduces the bacteria add up on the skin by eighty to ninety percent, and as such a reduction in the wound infection (Bryne, Cuschieri, Napier, & Phillips, 2003). A ten year research on 62,939 wounds determine whether or not the removal of hair from the skin to be operated on (shaving) and its timing could be contributive to surgical site infections. It was established that infection risk amplifies with the increase in duration of the time spent between shaving and conduction of the actual operation. Surgical sites that were shaved two hours before surgery were found to have a clean wound infection rate of 2.3% (Cruse & Foord, 2000).Where the body hair was clipped instead of being shaven recorded a clean wound infection rate of 1.7%. Where the body hair was neither shaved nor clipped, the w ound infection rate was seen to drop to a mere 0.9%.The study concluded that where shaving is essential before surgery, then it should be done as closest to the commencement of the surgery as possible. Perhaps the most successful method of combating surgical site infections was seen through the pioneering use of antiseptic surgery by Ignaz

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and show how each used his poetry to express his views about his life and times. Blake and Wordsworth both display different views and attitudes about the city of London in their poems. They both lived in the same era, Blake lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1757- 1827) and Wordsworth also lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1770- 1850). As the poems were alive in the same era of life they were both alive during the industrial revolution. This was a time when children of a very age were sent up chimneys and were made to sweep them clean. They were used because of their very small size. This turned Wordsworth and indeed Blake against London. They also didnt like other major cities in the country like Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool. The main reason why they hated major cities, with London being the largest one was because they hated pollution. They both preferred the countryside and nature to the hustle and the bustle of Englands city environment. Both poets didnt really like what they saw around them. They were also both romantic poets. In the poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge, by William Wordsworth, the poet is expressing views towards London that are positive. This is unusual for Wordsworth as he normally was against the industrialisation of London. In the poem, Wordsworth is describing the early morning sight of London and in particular Westminster Bridge. He makes out that London looks as beautiful as the countryside without anyone awake and the major; air-polluting factories are empty and quiet. The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie. A main reason, which turned both of the poets against London, was because of the factories and tall buildings, which were caused by industrialisation. They felt that it ruined the natural beauty that the country has. There is also use of different parts of speech, in particular personification. This city now doth, like a garment Also in the poem, which is a sonnet, Wordsworth tries to get the point across to the readers that anyone who doesnt see the beauty of London at this time in the day would have to be a very insensitive and not appreciate anything that was naturally beautiful in the world. Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty. Wordsworth, who was poet laureate, along with William Blake both believed in Pantheism. This meant that they both saw god in nature. In the poem London, by William Blake, the poet is expressing his real thoughts about London as a whole. That it wasnt really a nice place to be. Like William Wordsworth he didnt like London due to the fact that it had become so polluted due to industrialisation. The poem itself, contain four verses, each containing four lines in each verse. The poem is also written in doggerel style, because it is written in a crude and inartistic style. In the poem, Blake is expressing the bad details of London. His thoughts are dark and moody. He compares London to that of a battle site. And the hapless soldiers sigh. Runs in blood down palace walls. This for me sums up the exact thought of the poet, William Blake about London in general. When Blake was writing this poem, it was mid-night in London. The time of night is important in the poem as it reflects the dark and sombre mood of Blake. Right from the offset in the poem there is criticism of London, as Blake describes how the river has nowhere to go. As I wander each chartered street, near where the chartered Thames does flow. It is like the river is mapped out and has to flow exactly where it is shown on the map. This is because London has lost its natural beauty and is now so unnatural. The people who live in London are always having something to moan about, according to the Poet. This is because they are all so trapped in the City, many want to get out of London because it has become so industrialised and they want it so everything is naturally beautiful. And mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe. Blake also feels trapped in London with nowhere to turn but to more factories. In every cry of every man. In every infants cry of fear, in every voice, in every ban, the mind forged manacles I hear. Blake uses different parts of speech throughout the poem. And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. An oxymoron is used here because people dont usually associate marriage with a hearse. The poets William Blake and William Wordsworth both express their own views towards London in their poetry, Blake with the dull view of London and Wordsworth with his unusual praise for London. Many different parts of speech are exercised in each poem for different reasons. But the poets give us their personal view towards London, each in a descriptive way.

Turning points in modern Japanese history Essay -- Japan Japanese His

Turning Points in Modern Japanese History The late nineteenth century marked the changing of government, policy, and culture within Japan. In order to understand the nation-state as it is known today, it is important to note key events in the turning of the Meiji Nation in to what is now known as modern Japan. Due to primarily discourse between Japan and China, and later Japan and the United States, the modern nation's expansive empire was annihilated. Militarism and expansionism disappointed the empire as China thwarted the Japanese efforts, with the help of the United States. Events marking the change of the Japanese empire in to the modern empire of today include the Sino-Japanese War and its consequences, tensions and international treaties with China, and most obviously, the Pacific War with the United States. These events marked the transformation of a militaristic and expansionist empire in to a democratic nation and ally. Japanese expansionism was politically and economically motivated in the case of expanding in to Korea. Korea, under the control of China, was seen as an economic source for Japan as well as an opportunity to expand Japanese security. After two Opium Wars and the Sino-French War, China had become weak and was unable to resist western intervention and encroachment. Japan saw this as an opportunity to replace Chinese influence in Korea with its own. In 1894 the Japanese entered conflict with China over the territory of Korea known as the Sino-Japanese war. The Tongchak Rebellion of 1894, however, was the turning point in war against China. As Korea was struggling against the Japanese forces, 2,000 Chinese soldiers came to assist the Koreans against Japan. This was seen as a breach of the previously ... ...economic conditions that had made Japan an aggressor nation, and transforming Japan into a peaceful democratic nation. Under the guidance of U.S. general Douglas MacArthur the Japanese were subjected to the most sweeping program of reform they had experienced since the Meiji Restoration. The establishment of Democracy in Japan is crucial in the composition of the modern nation of Japan. The modern nation of Japan is a result of expansionist prospects that resulted in war between the nations of Korea, China, and the United States. Modern Japan is a result of the Sino-Japanese War, conflict with China, and the Pacific War, as well as the process of establishing a democratic state. These events combined (as well as numerous others not mentioned in this paper) marked the transformation of a militaristic and expansionist empire in to a democratic nation and ally.

ronald reagan: a true american hero Essay -- essays research papers

Reagan: A True American Hero†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We will continue our quest in space. There will be more flights and more space shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Ronald Reagan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendous as presidents can be. His dramatic speeches and down-to-earth personality made people proud to be American. Ronald Reagan seemed more then American. He was a patriot. Ronald Reagan cared deeply for the American people as well at their values. Our nation now felt, with Reagan’s assistance, united. After a nation torn apart by the specter or war, Ronald brought the people together again. However, disaster can unite or divide a country. At a difficult time, when the Challenger exploded, Ronald Reagan inspired his nation to realize that we are modern day explorers, and disaster may be the price that must by paid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain elements in Ronald’s life prepared him to be an effective ruler at a critical time. Reagan did not start out as a man of politics. In fact, he made his debut as an actor. Although he never made it to Hollywood, he would often appear in grade â€Å"B† romance films (Fox V. 73-80.) In his early years of politics, 1964 to be exact, Ronald supported and rallied for Barry Goldwater, a republican presidential candidate. It was a strange twist of irony, because at the time, Reagan was an ultra liberal. This may have come from the preposterous fact that Reagan knew very little about politics. It was said that Barry Goldwater drew Reagan to the more conservative side of politics. When Reagan finally began to get enthralled with politics, he ran for governor of California. He got elected in 1966 (Fox V 90-103.) Since Reagan was very liberal in a turbulent time, he used superflous police force in events which he deemed â€Å"riots.† Because of this, he was an outcast by the minority community. Since Ronald Reagan was very liberal, he had an open mind to influences. In his early acting years, he was a member of the Screen Actors Guild, where he learned small-scale government procedures (Fox V. 73-80.) Reagan was also a supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who... ...h. Patriotism is soaked in his speech. He continues mentioning how the nation must mourn their loss. Reagan acknowledges the obstacles and the challenges the crew overcame. He then mentions the names of the perished crew to commemorate their death. He then gives an apology to all the school children who witnessed the tragedy on live TV. He assumes his people from the space program have nothing to hide, and will continue to thrive in the public. I feel the president prescribed the remedy of patriotism in his speech. He wants America to be proud even in the face of danger. The people ate this up and generally agreed with it. (Speech)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reagan’s speech was to go down as one of history’s best. Ironically, it wasn’t written by him. It was composed by Peggy Noonan, one of the White House’s best speech writers. On a personal note, I feel this speech gave a beacon of hope to a nation in need. It captivates the nation’s disaster and made the burden seem less. In the end, Regan was one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. Even when hes not with us anymore, the effects that he left, both positive and negative, will dwell in the belly of our nation.

An explanation of the strain and cultural criminology theories and the criminal elements Essay

The fast-changing society is demanding improvement of the existing legal frameworks each and every day. Indisputably, this is considerably challenging the decisions made by policymakers and more especially the judiciary sector. The challenge is more intensified by the way we define the defendant, victim, and penalty imposed for any crime committed. The underlying problem is that there exist various cultural norms and natural law; which significantly differ with constitutional requirements. In other words, legal procedures are not sufficient in providing criminal facts that can help us clearly understand the criminal elements mentioned above. Nevertheless, many scholars in the field of criminology such as Robert K. Merton and Keith Hayward now believes we can rely upon the strain and cultural criminology theories. Inarguably, the relationship existing between the two theories goes beyond our expectation, more especially when analyzing any criminology case. In fact, many people have be en convinced it would be appropriate if policymakers integrate some of the facts unrevealed by these theories when making or amending the criminal laws. The paper offers a detailed explanation of the two methods and more importantly, how they can be applied in the criminal case study of Mr. Heffernan convicted of the crime of cultivating cannabis plant which is an illegal plant and supply of the same plant products as drugs to the community. The case took place in the district court, New South Wales and has since sounded the trumpet over how the proceedings were unraveling the case that Mr. Heffernan was convicted with. This will be discussed along with the criminal elements and criminal facts which were evident in the case. Strain theory argues that when an individual is pressurized by the community or by the factors in his environment, the pressure overwhelms him which forces him to satisfy his cultural inequalities and material requirements by engaging in crime as stated by (Agnew, 2001, p319) The crime, in this case, is a subject to the strain that oversees a high level of pressure that the victim cannot bear the burden of. There are numerous forms of stress best explained by GST. The diverse forms of strain do not exclude financial requirements. The fear may force one into committing a crime that he never intended. Merton in his strain theory argues that it is only a small margin of the people who face stress end up committing crimes. The group that is involved in offenses that emanate from the strain from external forces is seen as deviant since they view the world as if there exists no other solution for their problems. Morten argues that the group is then forced into crime despite the fact that it is against their will. Cultural criminology theory, however, presents a different view of such an instance. It argues that the individual rather enjoys the self-fulfilling feeling that comes about with being involved in criminal activity. The theory explains that when the personal gains the social requirements that he or she could have otherwise not achieved legally, they are left with a sense of insecurity while others feel self-fulfilled and okay when they have their requirements fulfilled. According to Presdee, (2003) Cultural criminology is distinctively conjectural, procedural and domineering slant that places criminals, cases and the control mechanism in the context of culture Linking the theory to the case of Heffernan to both methods, strain theory argues that the convicted was involved in the crime due to the strain that he was facing.   It is evident that he as the criminal was suffering from an extraordinarily high degree of anxiety that he could have otherwise avoided if he had a well-paying job if the parents were not sick if his wife had no medical complications and if he was not unwell. On the other hand, cultural criminology argues that the occurrence of the crime was purely projected from the nature of the community the offender comes from as stated by (Ferrell et al., 2004). This, therefore, makes the community to be viewed as the actual cause of the crime due because the factors that led to the offense against which Mr. Heffernan is convicted are subject to the same community. The offender presents various evidence to the jury that when analyzed helped, in coming up with a valid judgment. The case presented states that the offender is a vict im of the drugs misuse and trafficking laws which inhibit one from growing plants that are otherwise termed as illegal. It also prohibits the supply of the same to the community. Mr. Heffernan was caught with 32kgs of cannabis leaves that are more than the monetary amount which is said to be 25 kilograms as stated by (Cerdà ¡ et al., 2012, p22). He had surpassed a commercial margin which otherwise inevitably presents the idea of the sale of the same to the community. He was rather much more cooperative by taking the police to the ranch where he grew the plant. The evidence was based on the idea that the man was found in the hold of a few bags of the leaves, showed where he grew the leaves and accepted to be the only person involved with the same. Evidence presented before the jury was photographs of these bags of leaves and the plant as well as the $1400 that was in his custody. The offender argues that he has been working on a farm for over 33 years and in his work life, he has been a victim of many injuries which have presented themselves as a limiting factor to the type and the amount of work that he can be engaged in evidenced by the numerous medical rec ords submitted to the coat regarding the same. His wife’s letter also backs up the issue since its content explains how those injuries have impacted negatively on their lives and the lives of their kids. This is seen as one of the strains that the convicted is battling with that could have otherwise presented to be the cause of the crime as stated by (Agnew, 2007, p319). The offender also claims that his family has been haunted by a trail of illnesses beginning with his mother who is suffering from breast cancer and osteoarthritis. His father is also suffering from a heart disease and osteoarthritis. He has diabetes and has been needing insulin to survive bearing in mind that his wife also has health conditions that make Mr. Heffernan the only breadwinner. This trail of illnesses presents themselves as another form of strain that led to the unusual character of the victim. An aggregate of such issues may result in so much pressure that needs a person with an unyielding personality to handle. While this is seen as strain, the cultural criminology finds it as social factors which when linked caused the occurrence of the crime. This presents the social and the crime as distinctively of a parallel nature. He is also faced with some more pressure of taking care of their 14 years high school kid and the younger one in primary education. The family had just married a year ago which rather increases the commitments of the breadwinner. The offender’s family has been selling their property which was around $80000 and has now depreciated to around $60000. His house is also being mortgaged at $70000, and this would render the family homeless. He argues that it is due to this pressure that he decided to engage in this criminal act. The jury well understands the pressure that the offender is facing pointing out that an offender is a man of substance whose life has not been presented as a threat to any criminal record. The only criminal record that exists seems baseless to make an overall conclusion that the man is a criminal. Evidence presented by  Ã‚   Mr. P. Harper, the offender’s defendant. The evidence is full of commendations for the man. This evidence is based on the peopl e who know Mr. Heffernan stating that the individual’s behaviors have been outstanding, something that even the judge recognizes by saying that Mr. Heffernan is a man of excellent character in the argument number 11 0f the case. The case presents itself from a criminal act that has been catalyzed by the excessive pressure faced by the convicted by strain theory which recognizes the existence of such anomalies in individual’s life when faced with extreme pressure. The issue that revolves around the life of the convicted is a monetary issue. Money, in this case, could have been the solution to all his problems since if he had enough of it, he could have saved his parent’s property from being sold. He could also have been able to take care of his sick relatives, his sick wife and cater for the life of the kids who are still in school. He could also have not gone to the extent of growing and distributing cannabis which is the state’s laws and the drugs misuse and trafficking act of 1985. The judge recognizes all the burdens that the convicted has to bear in his life considering that he is 51 and has to take care of all this pressure. About GST and the reasons that the convicted gives regardi ng the case he has been charged with, there were a few goals that the convicted was unable to meet. His desire to cater to his family and his parents and the desires to have a well-paying job dragged him to committing this crime. The unfolding circumstances are in line with the arguments of strain theory. Cultural criminology which seeks to understand crime in the context of culture is inevitably applicable in the case. The crime was subject to subcultures which revolve around what the community around the offender does and the rules that exist governing this particular crime. The rules governing drug and substance abuse have given guidelines on the judgment against the convicted depending on the nature and the extent of the committed crime. In a nutshell, it is the society that leads to the development of the rules that exist against the offenses revolving around drug and substance abuse. The occupation of the offender and the circumstances revolving around his life which led him to commit the crime are part and puzzle of the culture and community. As strain theory argues that the crime that was committed was subjected to the pressure of the life of the convicted, cultural criminology sees it as just another culture of various subcultures that may have led to the crime. Growing of Cannabis and distributing it to the public is considered to be a crime since there are rules against it as stated by (Reuter, 2010). If the drug had to be distributed to the community, the general impact on the youths would have been dire since this is the most likely group to the issue. As such, the convicted is seen to have been an agent of community destruction since he was a man of age and a parent. He is seen to have not minded about the lives of the other kids in the community and committed the crime for monetary gain. The strain theory comes about to argue that withstanding the pressure of the life the convicted was facing needed him to have looked for an alternative way of getting money. The convicted argues that he had complications regarding his health and that he was nearing his retirement age. He was forced to grow cannabis after ordering seeds from the United Kingdom which he later planted. It is the same marijuana that was harvested and packed before it was confiscated by the police. The theory gives out a clear argument that the man had small means of supporting his family using whatever he was gaining. This case is brought out clearly by the fact that the convicted had no previous criminal records and that his life was clean therefore it is due to what seemed to be a sort of excessive pressure that led him to commit the crime. On the other hand, cultural criminology makes the mere mention of cannabis a criminal activity where any activity that is associated with the drug has been criminalized. With the building of a belief that this activity is already a crime, the theory argues that rules that forbid it are developed ensuring that those who are associated wi th cannabis are taken into justice without considering any argument or reasons behind the act. With all the associated facts and evidence having been presented, Mr. Harper claims that the case on which the offender has been convicted with is not a drug trafficking case since it was planned as a one-time business. The pressure under which the convicted was suffering from forcing him to establish a cannabis plantation which he prepared to sell only once and increase the value of the ranch. This was one of the strain factors that made him respond to the pressure by involving himself in the crime. The judge, however, argues that it is irresponsible for a man with a family to release cannabis of a monetary amount to the society which would impact negatively on the lives of the youths as stated by (Lowinson, 2005). The judgment against both crimes was supposed to be ten years for the crime of growing cannabis and 15 years for trafficking.   The judge at the end of it all understands the pressure that the convicted was facing and gives him a sentence of two and a half years. The strain theory gives out a sense of reasoning and weighing of matters such that the degree of pressure was duly recognized by the jury. The cultural criminology theory, on the other hand, views the crime generally as breaking the law that originated from the same issue. It argues that the moral standards of the community which harbors the roots of the law have declined. The argument here is that the community from which the convicted comes from and the crime that was committed is viewed as one and the same thing. With the weak empirical evidence in support of the strain theory, the presented arguments were not sufficient to ensure that the convicted was set free. Rather it just explains the problems that the law class individuals are facing without taking into consideration of the larger picture of the community and the white collar crimes as stated by (Aseltine et al., 2000, p256). Crimes in such levels are the ones that decapitate the community. The theory deals with individuals rather than the community on which the crime and the criminals thrive. These issues are well explained by the cultural criminology theory which does not only just present its arguments from a particular line or level of crimes. It digs into every crime be it white collar or any other sort of the offense. Conclusion The case presented above shows how strain can cause various crimes. The arguments put forward to show that some forms of tension can be so haunting such that the victim ends up being involved illegal activities that end up bringing peace to the life of the victim. The judge, however, takes into consideration the strain that the convicted is facing, and from this, a valid judgment is given. As the strain theory views this crime as a result of pressure, the cultural criminology sees it as the larger picture of the nature of the community from which the convicted comes from. 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